預設情況下,組態使用SQLite。如果你是資料庫新手,或者想嘗試學習Django,這是最簡單的選擇。SQLite包含在Python,所以不需要安裝任何東西來支援你的資料庫。當開始你的第一個真正的專案,可能需要使用更強大的資料庫如:PostgreSQL,MySQL等,可以組態資料庫切換就可以了。
如果你不使用SQLite作為資料庫,而使用其他設定,如USER, PASSWORD, 和 HOST 必須加入。欲瞭解更多詳細資訊,請參閱用於資料庫的參考文件。
此外,請注意,在該檔案的頂部的 INSTALLED_APPS 設定。它包含了很多在本Django範例中啟用的所有 Django 的應用程式的名稱。 應用程式可以在多個專案中使用,你可以打包給別人並在他們的專案分發使用。
其中的一些應用程式使用至少一個資料庫表,所以我們需要在資料庫中建立的表才可以使用它們。要做到這一點,執行以下命令:
C:\Python27\mysite>python manage.py migrate Operations to perform: Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, auth, sessions Running migrations: Rendering model states... DONE Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK Applying auth.0001_initial... OK Applying admin.0001_initial... OK Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK C:\Python27\mysite>
migrate 命令著眼於INSTALLED_APPS設定並建立根據您的 mysite/settings.py 檔案資料庫設定,並隨應用程式資料庫遷移任何資料庫表(我們將在以後的教學討論)。你會看到每個適用移植的訊息。 如果有興趣,執行命令列在你的資料庫用戶端,列如型別\dt (PostgreSQL), SHOW TABLES; (MySQL), .schema (SQLite), 或 SELECT TABLE_NAME FROMUSER_TABLES; (Oracle) 以顯示Django所建立的表。
在我們的簡單調查的應用程式,我們將建立兩個模型:Question 和 Choice。Question有一個問題標題和發佈日期。Choice有兩個欄位:選擇文字和票數。每個選項都與一個問題關聯。
from django.db import models class Question(models.Model): question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') class Choice(models.Model): question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE) choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
該程式碼是直接的。每個模型是django.db.models.Model類的子類。 每個模型具有許多類變數,每一個在模型變數與資料庫表的欄位關聯。
每個欄位由 Field 類範例表示 – 例如,CharField表示字元型欄位,DateTimeField表示日期時間欄位。這告訴Django 每個欄位儲存的資料型別。
每個Field範例(例如,question_text或pub_date)的名稱是欄位的名稱,這是機器友好的格式。在Python程式碼中使用這個值,資料庫將使用它作為列名。
最後,需要注意的是關係的定義,這裡使用了外來鍵。這告訴 Django 每個選項關聯一個問題。 Django支援所有常見的資料庫關係:多對一,多對多以及一對之一。
INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'polls.apps.PollsConfig', 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', ]
C:\Python27\mysite>python manage.py makemigrations polls Migrations for 'polls': 0001_initial.py: - Create model Choice - Create model Question - Add field question to choice C:\Python27\mysite>
遷移是Django怎麼儲存您更改的模型(由你的資料庫架構決定)- 它們只是在磁碟上的檔案。您如果喜歡可以讀取移植新的模型,它在檔案 polls/migrations/0001_initial.py。你不會希望Django每一次都讀取它們,不過將它們設計成人可編輯的,你要知道Django是如何變化的併手動調整。
還有將執行migrations,自動管理資料庫模式(表)命令 - 這就是所謂的遷移,讓我們看看SQL了解移植執行。 sqlmigrate 命令將移植名稱返回SQL顯示:
$ python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
C:\Python27\mysite>python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001 BEGIN; -- -- Create model Choice -- CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "c hoice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL); -- -- Create model Question -- CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_date" datetime NOT NULL); -- -- Add field question to choice -- ALTER TABLE "polls_choice" RENAME TO "polls_choice__old"; CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "c hoice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "question_id" integ er NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id")); INSERT INTO "polls_choice" ("choice_text", "votes", "id", "question_id") SELECT "choice_text", "votes", "id", NULL FROM "polls_choice__old"; DROP TABLE "polls_choice__old"; CREATE INDEX "polls_choice_7aa0f6ee" ON "polls_choice" ("question_id"); COMMIT; C:\Python27\mysite>
遷移命令將所有還沒有被應用的遷移(Django跟蹤哪些是使用資料庫中的一個特殊的表名為django_migrations應用)執行它們在資料庫中 - 基本上是,將使用模型在資料庫模式的變化同步。
C:\Python27\mysite>python manage.py shell Python 2.7.10 (default, May 23 2015, 09:44:00) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on wi n32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. (InteractiveConsole) >>>
只需鍵入「python」 來代替,因為manage.py設定DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE環境變數,這給Django Python 匯入路徑到 mysite/settings.py檔案。
>>> import django >>> django.setup()
>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice # Import the model classes we just wrote. # No questions are in the system yet. >>> Question.objects.all() [] # Create a new Question. # Support for time zones is enabled in the default settings file, so # Django expects a datetime with tzinfo for pub_date. Use timezone.now() # instead of datetime.datetime.now() and it will do the right thing. >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now()) # Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly. >>> q.save() # Now it has an ID. Note that this might say "1L" instead of "1", depending # on which database you're using. That's no biggie; it just means your # database backend prefers to return integers as Python long integer # objects. >>> q.id 1 # Access model field values via Python attributes. >>> q.question_text "What's new?" >>> q.pub_date datetime.datetime(2012, 2, 26, 13, 0, 0, 775217, tzinfo=<UTC>) # Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save(). >>> q.question_text = "What's up?" >>> q.save() # objects.all() displays all the questions in the database. >>> Question.objects.all() [<Question: Question object>]這裡需要等待一會兒. <Question: Question object>完全是這個物件的無用表示。讓我們來解決這個問題:通過編輯Question模型(在polls/models.py 檔案),並新增一個__str__() 方法到這兩個Question 和 Choice 模型:polls/models.py檔案內容如下:
from django.db import models from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible @python_2_unicode_compatible # only if you need to support Python 2 class Question(models.Model): # ... def __str__(self): return self.question_text @python_2_unicode_compatible # only if you need to support Python 2 class Choice(models.Model): # ... def __str__(self): return self.choice_text
注意,這些都是正常的Python方法。讓我們新增一個自定義的方法,這裡只是為了演示:polls/models.py
import datetime from django.db import models from django.utils import timezone class Question(models.Model): # ... def was_published_recently(self): return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
注意這裡增加 import datetime 和from django.utils import timezon,參照Python的標準的datetime模組和Django的時區相關的實用程式在django.utils.timezone,如果不熟悉在Python的時區處理,可以閱讀時區支援文件。
>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice # Make sure our __str__() addition worked. >>> Question.objects.all() [<Question: What's up?>] # Django provides a rich database lookup API that's entirely driven by # keyword arguments. >>> Question.objects.filter(id=1) [<Question: What's up?>] >>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='What') [<Question: What's up?>] # Get the question that was published this year. >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> current_year = timezone.now().year >>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year) <Question: What's up?> # Request an ID that doesn't exist, this will raise an exception. >>> Question.objects.get(id=2) Traceback (most recent call last): ... DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist. # Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django provides a # shortcut for primary-key exact lookups. # The following is identical to Question.objects.get(id=1). >>> Question.objects.get(pk=1) <Question: What's up?> # Make sure our custom method worked. >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1) >>> q.was_published_recently() True # Give the Question a couple of Choices. The create call constructs a new # Choice object, does the INSERT statement, adds the choice to the set # of available choices and returns the new Choice object. Django creates # a set to hold the "other side" of a ForeignKey relation # (e.g. a question's choice) which can be accessed via the API. >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1) # Display any choices from the related object set -- none so far. >>> q.choice_set.all() [] # Create three choices. >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0) <Choice: Not much> >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0) <Choice: The sky> >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0) # Choice objects have API access to their related Question objects. >>> c.question <Question: What's up?> # And vice versa: Question objects get access to Choice objects. >>> q.choice_set.all() [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>] >>> q.choice_set.count() 3 # The API automatically follows relationships as far as you need. # Use double underscores to separate relationships. # This works as many levels deep as you want; there's no limit. # Find all Choices for any question whose pub_date is in this year # (reusing the 'current_year' variable we created above). >>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year) [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>] # Let's delete one of the choices. Use delete() for that. >>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking') >>> c.delete()
c:\python27\mysite> python manage.py createsuperuser
Username: admin
Email address: [email protected]
Password: ********** Password (again): ********* Superuser created successfully.
c:\python27\mysite>python manage.py runserver
現在,開啟Web瀏覽器,進入「/admin/」 本地域名- 例如, http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/ 應該看到管理員登入介面:
由於移在預設情況下開啟,登入螢幕可能會顯示在你自己的語言, 由於翻譯在預設情況下開啟,登入螢幕可能會顯示在你自己的語言,
只有一件事要做:我們需要告訴管理員這個Question物件有一個管理介面。要做到這一點,開啟 polls/admin.py檔案,並修改它如下:
from django.contrib import admin from .models import Question admin.site.register(Question)
點選「Questions」。現在,在「change list」頁面檢視問題。該頁面顯示資料庫中的所有問題,並允許您選擇其中一個進行更改。還有我們先前建立的問題:
修改「Date published」點選「Today」和「Now」快捷方式。然後點選「Save and continue editing.」,然後點選「History」在右上角。你會看到一個頁面,列出通過Django管理到這個物件的所有變化,修改人使用者名和時間戳:
程式碼下載:http://pan.baidu.com/s/1jGR3wDg