如何在批次處理模式下執行 top 命令

top 命令是每個人都在使用的用於監控 Linux 系統效能的最好的命令。你可能已經知道 top 命令的絕大部分操作，除了很少的幾個操作，如果我沒錯的話，批次處理模式就是其中之一。

大部分的指令碼編寫者和開發人員都知道這個，因為這個操作主要就是用來編寫指令碼。

如果你不了解這個，不用擔心，我們將在這裡介紹它。

什麼是 top 命令的批次處理模式

批次處理模式允許你將 top 命令的輸出傳送至其他程式或者檔案中。

在這個模式中，top 命令將不會接收輸入並且持續執行，直到疊代次數達到你用 -n 選項指定的次數為止。

如果你想解決 Linux 伺服器上的任何效能問題，你需要正確的理解 top 命令的輸出。

1) 如何在批次處理模式下執行 top 命令

預設地，top 命令按照 CPU 的使用率來排序輸出結果，所以當你在批次處理模式中執行以下命令時，它會執行同樣的操作並列印前 35 行：

# top -bc | head -35top - 06:41:14 up 8 days, 20:24,  1 user,  load average: 0.87, 0.77, 0.81Tasks: 139 total,   1 running, 136 sleeping,   0 stopped,   2 zombie%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  3.2 sy,  0.0 ni, 96.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 stKiB Mem :  3880940 total,  1595932 free,   886736 used,  1398272 buff/cacheKiB Swap:  1048572 total,   514640 free,   533932 used.  2648472 avail MemPID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND     1 root      20   0  191144   2800   1596 S   0.0  0.1   5:43.63 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22     2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.32 [kthreadd]     3 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:28.10 [ksoftirqd/0]     5 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kworker/0:0H]     7 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:33.96 [migration/0]     8 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [rcu_bh]     9 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0  63:05.12 [rcu_sched]    10 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [lru-add-drain]    11 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:08.79 [watchdog/0]    12 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:08.82 [watchdog/1]    13 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:44.27 [migration/1]    14 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   1:22.45 [ksoftirqd/1]    16 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kworker/1:0H]    18 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.01 [kdevtmpfs]    19 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [netns]    20 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:01.35 [khungtaskd]    21 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.02 [writeback]    22 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kintegrityd]    23 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [bioset]    24 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kblockd]    25 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [md]    26 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [edac-poller]    33 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   1:19.07 [kswapd0]    34 root      25   5       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [ksmd]    35 root      39  19       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:12.80 [khugepaged]    36 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [crypto]    44 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kthrotld]    46 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kmpath_rdacd]

2) 如何在批次處理模式下執行 top 命令並按記憶體使用率排序結果

在批次處理模式中執行以下命令按記憶體使用率對結果進行排序：

# top -bc -o +%MEM | head -n 20top - 06:42:00 up 8 days, 20:25,  1 user,  load average: 0.66, 0.74, 0.80Tasks: 146 total,   1 running, 145 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 stKiB Mem :  3880940 total,  1422044 free,  1059176 used,  1399720 buff/cacheKiB Swap:  1048572 total,   514640 free,   533932 used.  2475984 avail Mem PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND 18105 mysql     20   0 1453900 156096   8816 S   0.0  4.0   2:12.98 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid  1841 root      20   0  228980 107036   5360 S   0.0  2.8   0:05.56 /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/perl/528/bin/perl -T -w /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/bin/spamd --max-children=3 --max-spare=1 --allowed-ips=127.0.0.+  4301 root      20   0  230208 104608   1816 S   0.0  2.7   0:03.77 spamd child  8139 nobody    20   0  257000  27108   3408 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  7961 nobody    20   0  256988  26912   3160 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.05 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  8190 nobody    20   0  256976  26812   3140 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.05 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  8353 nobody    20   0  256976  26812   3144 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  8629 nobody    20   0  256856  26736   3108 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.02 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  8636 nobody    20   0  256856  26712   3100 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.03 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  8611 nobody    20   0  256844  25764   2228 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  8451 nobody    20   0  256844  25760   2220 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  8610 nobody    20   0  256844  25748   2224 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start  8632 nobody    20   0  256844  25744   2216 S   0.0  0.7   0:00.03 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start

上面命令的詳細資訊：

-b：批次處理模式選項
-c：列印執行中的進程的絕對路徑
-o：指定進行排序的欄位
head：輸出檔案的第一部分
-n：列印前 n 行

3) 如何在批次處理模式下執行 top 命令並按照指定的使用者進程對結果進行排序

如果你想要按照指定使用者進程對結果進行排序請執行以下命令：

# top -bc -u mysql | head -n 10top - 06:44:58 up 8 days, 20:27,  1 user,  load average: 0.99, 0.87, 0.84Tasks: 140 total,   1 running, 137 sleeping,   0 stopped,   2 zombie%Cpu(s): 13.3 us,  3.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 83.3 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 stKiB Mem :  3880940 total,  1589832 free,   885648 used,  1405460 buff/cacheKiB Swap:  1048572 total,   514640 free,   533932 used.  2649412 avail Mem PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND 18105 mysql     20   0 1453900 156888   8816 S   0.0  4.0   2:16.42 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

4) 如何在批次處理模式下執行 top 命令並按照處理時間進行排序

在批次處理模式中使用以下 top 命令按照處理時間對結果進行排序。這展示了任務從啟動以來已使用的總 CPU 時間。

但是如果你想要檢查一個進程在 Linux 上執行了多長時間請看接下來的文章：

檢查 Linux 中進程執行時間的五種方法

# top -bc -o TIME+ | head -n 20top - 06:45:56 up 8 days, 20:28,  1 user,  load average: 0.56, 0.77, 0.81Tasks: 148 total,   1 running, 146 sleeping,   0 stopped,   1 zombie%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  3.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 96.9 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 stKiB Mem :  3880940 total,  1378664 free,  1094876 used,  1407400 buff/cacheKiB Swap:  1048572 total,   514640 free,   533932 used.  2440332 avail Mem PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND     9 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0  63:05.70 [rcu_sched]   272 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0  16:12.13 [xfsaild/vda1]  3882 root      20   0  229832   6212   1220 S   0.0  0.2   9:00.84 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start     1 root      20   0  191144   2800   1596 S   0.0  0.1   5:43.75 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22  3761 root      20   0   68784   9820   2048 S   0.0  0.3   5:09.67 tailwatchd  3529 root      20   0  404380   3472   2604 S   0.0  0.1   3:24.98 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd -n  3520 root      20   0  574208    572    164 S   0.0  0.0   3:07.74 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P   444 dbus      20   0   58444   1144    612 S   0.0  0.0   2:23.90 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation 18105 mysql     20   0 1453900 157152   8816 S   0.0  4.0   2:17.29 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid   249 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   1:28.83 [kworker/0:1H]    14 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   1:22.46 [ksoftirqd/1]    33 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   1:19.07 [kswapd0]   342 root      20   0   39472   2940   2752 S   0.0  0.1   1:18.17 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald

5) 如何在批次處理模式下執行 top 命令並將結果儲存到檔案中

如果出於解決問題的目的，你想要和別人分享 top 命令的輸出，請使用以下命令重定向輸出到檔案中：

# top -bc | head -35 > top-report.txt# cat top-report.txttop - 06:47:11 up 8 days, 20:30,  1 user,  load average: 0.67, 0.77, 0.81Tasks: 133 total,   4 running, 129 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie%Cpu(s): 59.4 us, 12.5 sy,  0.0 ni, 28.1 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 stKiB Mem :  3880940 total,  1596268 free,   843284 used,  1441388 buff/cacheKiB Swap:  1048572 total,   514640 free,   533932 used.  2659084 avail Mem PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND  9686 daygeekc  20   0  406132  62184  43448 R  94.1  1.6   0:00.34 /opt/cpanel/ea-php56/root/usr/bin/php-cgi  9689 nobody    20   0  256588  24428   1184 S   5.9  0.6   0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start     1 root      20   0  191144   2800   1596 S   0.0  0.1   5:43.79 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22     2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.32 [kthreadd]     3 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:28.11 [ksoftirqd/0]     5 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kworker/0:0H]     7 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:33.96 [migration/0]     8 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [rcu_bh]     9 root      20   0       0      0      0 R   0.0  0.0  63:05.82 [rcu_sched]    10 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [lru-add-drain]    11 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:08.79 [watchdog/0]    12 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:08.82 [watchdog/1]    13 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:44.28 [migration/1]    14 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   1:22.46 [ksoftirqd/1]    16 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kworker/1:0H]    18 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.01 [kdevtmpfs]    19 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [netns]    20 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:01.35 [khungtaskd]    21 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.02 [writeback]    22 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kintegrityd]    23 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [bioset]    24 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kblockd]    25 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [md]    26 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [edac-poller]    33 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   1:19.07 [kswapd0]    34 root      25   5       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [ksmd]    35 root      39  19       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:12.80 [khugepaged]    36 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [crypto]

如何按照指定欄位對結果進行排序

在 top 命令的最新版本中，按下 f 鍵進入欄位管理介面。

要使用新欄位進行排序，請使用 up/down 箭頭選擇正確的選項，然後再按下 s 鍵進行排序。最後按 q 鍵退出此視窗。

Fields Management for window 1:Def, whose current sort field is %CPU    Navigate with Up/Dn, Right selects for move then  or Left commits,    'd' or  toggles display, 's' sets sort.  Use 'q' or  to end! PID     = Process Id             nsUTS   = UTS namespace Inode USER    = Effective User Name    LXC     = LXC container name PR      = Priority               RSan    = RES Anonymous (KiB) NI      = Nice Value             RSfd    = RES File-based (KiB) VIRT    = Virtual Image (KiB)    RSlk    = RES Locked (KiB) RES     = Resident Size (KiB)    RSsh    = RES Shared (KiB) SHR     = Shared Memory (KiB)    CGNAME  = Control Group name S       = Process Status         NU      = Last Used NUMA node %CPU    = CPU Usage %MEM    = Memory Usage (RES) TIME+   = CPU Time, hundredths COMMAND = Command Name/Line PPID    = Parent Process pid UID     = Effective User Id RUID    = Real User Id RUSER   = Real User Name SUID    = Saved User Id SUSER   = Saved User Name GID     = Group Id GROUP   = Group Name PGRP    = Process Group Id TTY     = Controlling Tty TPGID   = Tty Process Grp Id SID     = Session Id nTH     = Number of Threads P       = Last Used Cpu (SMP) TIME    = CPU Time SWAP    = Swapped Size (KiB) CODE    = Code Size (KiB) DATA    = Data+Stack (KiB) nMaj    = Major Page Faults nMin    = Minor Page Faults nDRT    = Dirty Pages Count WCHAN   = Sleeping in Function Flags   = Task Flags CGROUPS = Control Groups SUPGIDS = Supp Groups IDs SUPGRPS = Supp Groups Names TGID    = Thread Group Id OOMa    = OOMEM Adjustment OOMs    = OOMEM Score current ENVIRON = Environment vars vMj     = Major Faults delta vMn     = Minor Faults delta USED    = Res+Swap Size (KiB) nsIPC   = IPC namespace Inode nsMNT   = MNT namespace Inode nsNET   = NET namespace Inode nsPID   = PID namespace Inode nsUSER  = USER namespace Inode

對 top 命令的舊版本，請按 shift+f 或 shift+o 鍵進入欄位管理介面進行排序。

要使用新欄位進行排序，請選擇相應的排序欄位字母，然後按下確認鍵排序。

Current Sort Field:  N  for window 1:Def Select sort field via field letter, type any other key to return  a: PID        = Process Id  b: PPID       = Parent Process Pid  c: RUSER      = Real user name  d: UID        = User Id  e: USER       = User Name  f: GROUP      = Group Name  g: TTY        = Controlling Tty  h: PR         = Priority  i: NI         = Nice value  j: P          = Last used cpu (SMP)  k: %CPU       = CPU usage  l: TIME       = CPU Time  m: TIME+      = CPU Time, hundredths* N: %MEM       = Memory usage (RES)  o: VIRT       = Virtual Image (kb)  p: SWAP       = Swapped size (kb)  q: RES        = Resident size (kb)  r: CODE       = Code size (kb)  s: DATA       = Data+Stack size (kb)  t: SHR        = Shared Mem size (kb)  u: nFLT       = Page Fault count  v: nDRT       = Dirty Pages count  w: S          = Process Status  x: COMMAND    = Command name/line  y: WCHAN      = Sleeping in Function  z: Flags      = Task Flags Note1:   If a selected sort field can't be   shown due to screen width or your   field order, the '<' and '>' keys   will be unavailable until a field   within viewable range is chosen. Note2:   Field sorting uses internal values,   not those in column display.  Thus,   the TTY & WCHAN fields will violate   strict ASCII collating sequence.   (shame on you if WCHAN is chosen)