驅動開發:通過Async反向與核心通訊

2022-10-03 21:00:33

在前幾篇文章中給大傢俱體解釋了驅動與應用層之間正向通訊的一些經典案例,本章將繼續學習驅動通訊,不過這次我們學習的是通過運用Async非同步模式實現的反向通訊,反向通訊機制在開發中時常被用到,例如一個防毒軟體如果監控到有異常程序執行或有異常登入檔被改寫後,該驅動需要主動的通知應用層程序讓其知道,這就需要用到驅動反向通訊的相關知識點,如下將循序漸進的實現一個反向通訊案例。

在開始學習Async反向通訊之前先來研究一個Sync正向通訊案例,不論是正向反向通訊其在通訊模式上與《驅動開發:通過ReadFile與核心層通訊》所介紹的通訊模式基本一致,都是通過ReadFile觸發驅動中的IRP_MJ_READ讀取派遣,唯一的區別是在傳輸資料時使用了MmGetSystemAddressForMdl方式,它將給定MDL描述的物理頁面對映到系統空間,並呼叫RtlCopyMemory()將全域性字串複製到這個空間內,這樣使用者端就可以迴圈讀取核心傳出的資料。

我們來看驅動端程式碼是如何實現的這個功能,程式碼並沒有什麼特殊的無法理解的點,只是需要注意我們在驅動入口呼叫IoCreateDevice()時傳入了第二個引數FILE_DEVICE_EXTENSION,該引數的作用是,建立裝置時,指定裝置擴充套件記憶體的大小,傳一個值進去,就會給裝置分配一塊非頁面記憶體。

#include <ntddk.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// 儲存一段非分頁記憶體,用於給全域性變數使用
#define FILE_DEVICE_EXTENSION 4096

// 定義全域性字串
static int global_count = 0;
static char global_char[5][128] = { 0 };

// 驅動繫結預設派遣函數
NTSTATUS _DefaultDispatch(PDEVICE_OBJECT _pDeviceObject, PIRP _pIrp)
{
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
	IoCompleteRequest(_pIrp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return _pIrp->IoStatus.Status;
}

// 驅動建立後觸發
NTSTATUS _SyncCreateCloseDispatch(PDEVICE_OBJECT _pDevcieObject, PIRP _pIrp)
{
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
	IoCompleteRequest(_pIrp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return _pIrp->IoStatus.Status;
}

// 應用層讀資料後觸發
NTSTATUS _SyncReadDispatch(PDEVICE_OBJECT _pDeviceObject, PIRP _pIrp)
{
	NTSTATUS status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
	PIO_STACK_LOCATION pIrpStack = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(_pIrp);
	PVOID pBuffer = NULL;
	ULONG uBufferLen = 0;

	do
	{
		// 讀寫請求使用的是直接I/O方式
		pBuffer = MmGetSystemAddressForMdl(_pIrp->MdlAddress);
		if (pBuffer == NULL)
		{
			status = STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
			break;
		}
		uBufferLen = pIrpStack->Parameters.Read.Length;
		DbgPrint("讀位元組長度: %d \n", uBufferLen);

		// 最大支援20位元組讀請求
		uBufferLen = uBufferLen >= 20 ? 20 : uBufferLen;

		// 輸出五次字串
		if (global_count < 5)
		{
			RtlCopyMemory(pBuffer, global_char[global_count], uBufferLen);
			global_count = global_count + 1;
		}

	} while (FALSE);

	// 填寫返回狀態及返回大小
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Status = status;
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Information = uBufferLen;

	// 完成IRP
	IoCompleteRequest(_pIrp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return status;
}

// 解除安裝驅動
VOID _UnloadDispatch(PDRIVER_OBJECT _pDriverObject)
{
	// 刪除建立的裝置
	UNICODE_STRING  Win32DeviceName;
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&Win32DeviceName, L"\\DosDevices\\LySharkSync");
	IoDeleteDevice(_pDriverObject->DeviceObject);
}

// 驅動入口
NTSTATUS DriverEntry(PDRIVER_OBJECT _pDriverObject, PUNICODE_STRING _pRegistryPath)
{
	UNICODE_STRING DeviceName, Win32DeivceName;
	PDEVICE_OBJECT pDeviceObject = NULL;
	NTSTATUS status;
	HANDLE hThread;
	OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes;

	// 設定符號名
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&DeviceName, L"\\Device\\LySharkSync");
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&Win32DeivceName, L"\\DosDevices\\LySharkSync");

	// 迴圈初始化IRP函數
	for (ULONG i = 0; i <= IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION; i++)
	{
		_pDriverObject->MajorFunction[i] = _DefaultDispatch;
	}

	// 再次覆蓋派遣函數
	_pDriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE] = _SyncCreateCloseDispatch;
	_pDriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE] = _SyncCreateCloseDispatch;
	_pDriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_READ] = _SyncReadDispatch;
	_pDriverObject->DriverUnload = _UnloadDispatch;

	// 分配一個自定義擴充套件 大小為sizeof(DEVEXT)
	// By: LyShark.com
	status = IoCreateDevice(_pDriverObject, sizeof(FILE_DEVICE_EXTENSION), &DeviceName, FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0, FALSE, &pDeviceObject);
	if (!NT_SUCCESS(status))
		return status;
	
	if (!pDeviceObject)
		return STATUS_UNEXPECTED_IO_ERROR;

	// 為全域性變數賦值
	strcpy(global_char[0], "hi,lyshark A");
	strcpy(global_char[1], "hi,lyshark B");
	strcpy(global_char[2], "hi,lyshark C");
	strcpy(global_char[3], "hi,lyshark D");
	strcpy(global_char[4], "hi,lyshark E");

	// 指定讀寫方式為 直接I/O MDL模式
	pDeviceObject->Flags |= DO_DIRECT_IO;

	// 資料傳輸時地址校驗大小
	pDeviceObject->AlignmentRequirement = FILE_WORD_ALIGNMENT;
	status = IoCreateSymbolicLink(&Win32DeivceName, &DeviceName);

	pDeviceObject->Flags &= ~DO_DEVICE_INITIALIZING;
	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

對於應用層來說並沒有什麼特別的,同樣呼叫ReadFile讀取核心中的引數,同樣for迴圈讀取五次,程式碼如下:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <Windows.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	HANDLE hFile;
	char Buffer[10] = { 0 };
	DWORD dwRet = 0;
	BOOL bRet;

	hFile = CreateFileA("\\\\.\\LySharkSync", GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
	if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
		return 0;

	for (int x = 0; x < 5; x++)
	{
		bRet = ReadFile(hFile, Buffer, 20, &dwRet, NULL);
		if (!bRet)
		{
			CloseHandle(hFile);
			return 0;
		}
		printf("讀入資料: %s -> 讀取長度: %d \n", Buffer, dwRet);
	}
	return 0;
}

這段程式碼執行效果如下:

與同步模式不同,非同步模式雖然同樣使用ReadFile實現通訊,但在通訊中引入了Event事件通知機制,這也是非同步與同步最大的區別所在,使用者層可以分別建立多個Event事件,等待核心依次做出相應並最終一併返回。

首先驅動內定義了_DeviceExtension自定義介面,該介面用於儲存此次事件所對應的Irp以及其所對應的DPC時間等。

非同步分發函數_AsyncReadDispatch同樣是被IRP_MJ_READ派遣函數觸發的,觸發後其內部會首先IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation得到當前IRP的堆疊資訊,然後設定IoMarkIrpPending()並最終將該IRP通過InsertTailList()插入到IRP連結串列內等待被處理。

  • IoMarkIrpPending
    • 用於標記指定的IRP,標誌著某個驅動的分發例程(分發函數)因需要被其他的驅動程式進一步處理最終返回STATUS_PENDING狀態。

函數_CustomDpc則是定時器內部要執行的具體操作,在DriverEntry驅動入口處做了如下初始化,初始化了連結串列,並初始化了一個定時器,最後啟動這個定時器每隔1秒都會執行一次_CustomDpc如果我們的IRP連結串列內IsListEmpty() 檢測存在資料,則會主動拷貝記憶體RtlCopyMemory並推播到應用層。

// 初始化IRP連結串列
InitializeListHead(&pDevExt->IrpList);
// 初始化定時器
KeInitializeTimer(&(pDevExt->timer));
// 初始化DPC pDevExt是傳給_CustomDpc函數的引數
KeInitializeDpc(&pDevExt->dpc, (PKDEFERRED_ROUTINE)_CustomDpc, pDevExt);

// 設定定時時間位1s
pDevExt->liDueTime = RtlConvertLongToLargeInteger(-10000000);
// 啟動定時器
KeSetTimer(&pDevExt->timer, pDevExt->liDueTime, &pDevExt->dpc);

驅動層完成程式碼如下所示:

#include <ntddk.h>

// 自定義介面擴充套件
typedef struct _DeviceExtension
{
	LIST_ENTRY IrpList;
	KTIMER timer;
	LARGE_INTEGER liDueTime;
	KDPC dpc;
}DEV_EXT, *PDEV_EXT;

// 預設派遣函數
NTSTATUS _DefaultDispatch(PDEVICE_OBJECT _pDeviceObject, PIRP _pIrp)
{
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
	IoCompleteRequest(_pIrp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return _pIrp->IoStatus.Status;
}

// 建立派遣函數
NTSTATUS _AsyncCreateCloseDispatch(PDEVICE_OBJECT _pDevcieObject, PIRP _pIrp)
{
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
	_pIrp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
	IoCompleteRequest(_pIrp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return  _pIrp->IoStatus.Status;
}

// 讀取派遣函數
NTSTATUS _AsyncReadDispatch(PDEVICE_OBJECT _pDeviceObject, PIRP _pIrp)
{
	NTSTATUS status;
	PIO_STACK_LOCATION pIrpStack = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(_pIrp);
	PDEV_EXT pDevExt = (PDEV_EXT)_pDeviceObject->DeviceExtension;

	IoMarkIrpPending(_pIrp);

	// 將IRP插入自定義連結串列中插入的是ListEntry
	InsertTailList(&pDevExt->IrpList, &_pIrp->Tail.Overlay.ListEntry);

	// 返回pending 主要返回給I/O管理器的值必須和IRP的Pending標誌位一致
	// By: LyShark.com
	// 即呼叫iomarkirppending和返回值要一致 
	return STATUS_PENDING;
}

// DPC執行緒
VOID _CustomDpc(PKDPC Dpc, PVOID DeferredContext, PVOID SystemArgument1, PVOID SystemArgument2)
{
	PIRP pIrp;
	PDEV_EXT pDevExt = (PDEV_EXT)DeferredContext;
	PVOID pBuffer = NULL;
	ULONG uBufferLen = 0;
	PIO_STACK_LOCATION pIrpStack = NULL;

	do
	{
		if (!pDevExt)
		{
			break;
		}

		// 檢查尾端IRP連結串列是否為空 為空則跳出
		if (IsListEmpty(&pDevExt->IrpList))
		{
			break;
		}

		// 從IRP連結串列中取出一個IRP並完成該IRP 取出的是ListEntry的地址
		PLIST_ENTRY pListEntry = (PLIST_ENTRY)RemoveHeadList(&pDevExt->IrpList);
		if (!pListEntry)
			break;

		pIrp = (PIRP)CONTAINING_RECORD(pListEntry, IRP, Tail.Overlay.ListEntry);
		pIrpStack = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(pIrp);

		DbgPrint("當前DPC Irp: 0x%x\n", pIrp);

		// 驅動程式的讀寫方式位直接I/O
		pBuffer = MmGetSystemAddressForMdl(pIrp->MdlAddress);
		if (pBuffer == NULL)
		{
			pIrp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
			pIrp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
			IoCompleteRequest(pIrp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);

			break;
		}
		uBufferLen = pIrpStack->Parameters.Read.Length;
		DbgPrint("讀取DPC長度: %d\n", uBufferLen);

		// 支援5位元組以下的讀請求
		uBufferLen = uBufferLen > 13 ? 13 : uBufferLen;

		// 複製請求內容
		RtlCopyMemory(pBuffer, "hello lyshark", uBufferLen);

		pIrp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
		pIrp->IoStatus.Information = uBufferLen;

		// 完成該IRP
		IoCompleteRequest(pIrp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	} while (FALSE);

	// 重新設定定時器
	KeSetTimer(&pDevExt->timer, pDevExt->liDueTime, &pDevExt->dpc);
}

// 解除安裝驅動
VOID _UnloadDispatch(PDRIVER_OBJECT _pDriverObject)
{
	UNICODE_STRING Win32DeviceName;
	PDEV_EXT pDevExt = (PDEV_EXT)_pDriverObject->DeviceObject->DeviceExtension;

	RtlInitUnicodeString(&Win32DeviceName, L"\\DosDevices\\LySharkAsync");

	// 刪除定時器
	// LyShark
	KeCancelTimer(&pDevExt->timer);
	// 刪除建立的裝置
	IoDeleteDevice(_pDriverObject->DeviceObject);
}

// 驅動入口
NTSTATUS DriverEntry(PDRIVER_OBJECT _pDriverObject, PUNICODE_STRING _pRegistryPath)
{
	UNICODE_STRING DeviceName, Win32DeivceName;
	PDEVICE_OBJECT pDeviceObject = NULL;
	NTSTATUS status;
	PDEV_EXT pDevExt = NULL;
	HANDLE hThread;
	OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes;
	CLIENT_ID CID;

	RtlInitUnicodeString(&DeviceName, L"\\Device\\LySharkAsync");
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&Win32DeivceName, L"\\DosDevices\\LySharkAsync");

	for (ULONG i = 0; i <= IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION; i++)
	{
		_pDriverObject->MajorFunction[i] = _DefaultDispatch;
	}

	_pDriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE] = _AsyncCreateCloseDispatch;
	_pDriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE] = _AsyncCreateCloseDispatch;
	_pDriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_READ] = _AsyncReadDispatch;
	_pDriverObject->DriverUnload = _UnloadDispatch;

	// 分配自定義擴充套件
	status = IoCreateDevice(_pDriverObject, sizeof(DEV_EXT), &DeviceName, FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0, FALSE, &pDeviceObject);
	if (!NT_SUCCESS(status))
		return status;
	if (!pDeviceObject)
		return STATUS_UNEXPECTED_IO_ERROR;

	pDeviceObject->Flags |= DO_DIRECT_IO;
	pDeviceObject->AlignmentRequirement = FILE_WORD_ALIGNMENT;
	status = IoCreateSymbolicLink(&Win32DeivceName, &DeviceName);

	pDeviceObject->Flags &= ~DO_DEVICE_INITIALIZING;
	pDevExt = (PDEV_EXT)pDeviceObject->DeviceExtension;

	// 初始化IRP連結串列
	InitializeListHead(&pDevExt->IrpList);
	// 初始化定時器
	KeInitializeTimer(&(pDevExt->timer));
	// 初始化DPC pDevExt是傳給_CustomDpc函數的引數
	KeInitializeDpc(&pDevExt->dpc, (PKDEFERRED_ROUTINE)_CustomDpc, pDevExt);

	// 設定定時時間位1s
	pDevExt->liDueTime = RtlConvertLongToLargeInteger(-10000000);
	// 啟動定時器
	KeSetTimer(&pDevExt->timer, pDevExt->liDueTime, &pDevExt->dpc);

	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

驅動層說完了,接下來是應用層,對於應用層來說,需要使用CreateEvent開啟通知事件,或者叫做事件物件,然後當有通知時,則直接使用ReadFile讀取對應的緩衝區,當所有讀取全部結束WaitForMultipleObjects等待結束即輸出結果。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <Windows.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	HANDLE hFile;
	char Buffer[3][32] = { 0 };
	DWORD dwRet[3] = { 0 };
	OVERLAPPED ol[3] = { 0 };
	HANDLE hEvent[3] = { 0 };

	// By:LyShark
	hFile = CreateFileA("\\\\.\\LySharkAsync", GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
		FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
		NULL);
	if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile)
		return  0;

	// event用來通知請求完成
	hEvent[0] = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
	ol[0].hEvent = hEvent[0];

	hEvent[1] = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
	ol[1].hEvent = hEvent[1];

	hEvent[2] = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
	ol[2].hEvent = hEvent[2];

	// 讀取事件內容到快取
	ReadFile(hFile, Buffer[0], 13, &dwRet[0], &ol[0]);
	ReadFile(hFile, Buffer[1], 13, &dwRet[1], &ol[1]);
	ReadFile(hFile, Buffer[2], 13, &dwRet[2], &ol[2]);

	// 等待三個事件執行完畢
	WaitForMultipleObjects(3, hEvent, TRUE, INFINITE);

	// 輸出結果
	printf("快取LyShark A: %s \n", Buffer[0]);
	printf("快取LyShark B: %s \n", Buffer[1]);
	printf("快取LyShark C: %s \n", Buffer[2]);

	CloseHandle(hFile);
	return  0;
}

這段程式碼最終執行效果如下: