如何在 CentOS 中新增、啟用和禁用一個倉庫

在基於 RPM 的系統上，例如 RHEL、CentOS 等，我們中的許多人使用 yum 包管理器來管理軟體的安裝、刪除、更新、搜尋等。

Linux 發行版的大部分軟體都來自發行版官方倉庫。官方倉庫包含大量免費和開源的應用和軟體。它很容易安裝和使用。

由於一些限制和專有問題，基於 RPM 的發行版在其官方倉庫中沒有提供某些包。另外，出於穩定性考慮，它不會提供最新版本的核心包。

為了克服這種情況，我們需要安裝或啟用需要的第三方倉庫。對於基於 RPM 的系統，有許多第三方倉庫可用，但所建議使用的倉庫很少，因為這些不會替換大量的基礎包。

建議閱讀：

這可以在基於 RPM 的系統上完成，比如 RHEL, CentOS, OEL, Fedora 等。

Fedora 系統使用 dnf config-manager [options] [section …]
其它基於 RPM 的系統使用 yum-config-manager [options] [section …]

如何列出啟用的倉庫

只需執行以下命令即可檢查系統上啟用的倉庫列表。

對於 CentOS/RHEL/OLE 系統：

# yum repolistLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, securityLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilerepo id                                                       repo name                                                                 statusbase                                                          CentOS-6 - Base                                                           6,706extras                                                        CentOS-6 - Extras                                                            53updates                                                       CentOS-6 - Updates                                                        1,255repolist: 8,014

對於 Fedora 系統：

# dnf repolist

如何在系統中新增一個新倉庫

每個倉庫通常都提供自己的 .repo 檔案。要將此類倉庫新增到系統中，使用 root 使用者執行以下命令。在我們的例子中將新增 EPEL 倉庫和 IUS 社群倉庫，見下文。

但是沒有 .repo 檔案可用於這些倉庫。因此，我們使用以下方法進行安裝。

對於 EPEL 倉庫，因為它可以從 CentOS 額外倉庫獲得，所以執行以下命令來安裝它。

# yum install epel-release -y

對於 IUS 社群倉庫，執行以下 bash 指令碼來安裝。

# curl 'https://setup.ius.io/' -o setup-ius.sh# sh setup-ius.sh

如果你有 .repo 檔案，在 RHEL/CentOS/OEL 中，只需執行以下命令來新增一個倉庫。

# yum-config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repoLoaded plugins: product-id, refresh-packagekit, subscription-manageradding repo from: http://www.example.com/example.repograbbing file http://www.example.com/example.repo to /etc/yum.repos.d/example.repoexample.repo                                             |  413 B     00:00repo saved to /etc/yum.repos.d/example.repo

對於 Fedora 系統，執行以下命令來新增一個倉庫：

# dnf config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repoadding repo from: http://www.example.com/example.repo

如果在新增這些倉庫之後執行 yum repolist 命令，你就可以看到新新增的倉庫了。Yes，我看到了。

注意：每當執行 yum repolist 命令時，該命令會自動從相應的倉庫獲取更新，並將快取儲存在本地系統中。

# yum repolistLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, securityLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileepel/metalink                                                                                                          | 6.1 kB     00:00* epel: epel.mirror.constant.com* ius: ius.mirror.constant.comius                                                                                                                    | 2.3 kB     00:00repo id                                     repo name                                                                                   statusbase                                        CentOS-6 - Base                                                                              6,706epel                                        Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64                                              12,505extras                                      CentOS-6 - Extras                                                                               53ius                                         IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64                                         390updates                                     CentOS-6 - Updates                                                                           1,255repolist: 20,909

每個倉庫都有多個渠道，比如測試（Testing）、開發（Dev）和存檔（Archive）等。通過導航到倉庫檔案位置，你可以更好地理解這一點。

# ls -lh /etc/yum.repos.dtotal 64K-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Base.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 647 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 289 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-fasttrack.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 630 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Media.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 916 May 18 11:07 CentOS-SCLo-scl.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 892 May 18 10:36 CentOS-SCLo-scl-rh.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6.2K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Vault.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.9K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Vault.repo.rpmnew-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 957 May 18 10:41 epel.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K Nov 4 2012 epel-testing.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-archive.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-dev.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K May 18 10:41 ius.repo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-testing.repo

如何在系統中啟用一個倉庫

當你在預設情況下新增一個新倉庫時，它將啟用它們的穩定倉庫，這就是為什麼我們在執行 yum repolist 命令時獲取了倉庫資訊。在某些情況下，如果你希望啟用它們的測試、開發或存檔倉庫，使用以下命令。另外，我們還可以使用此命令啟用任何禁用的倉庫。

為了驗證這一點，我們將啟用 epel-testing.repo，執行下面的命令：

# yum-config-manager --enable epel-testingLoaded plugins: fastestmirror==================================================================================== repo: epel-testing =====================================================================================[epel-testing]bandwidth = 0base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6baseurl =cache = 0cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testingcost = 1000enabled = 1enablegroups = Trueexclude =failovermethod = priorityftp_disable_epsv = Falsegpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgcadirgpgcakey =gpgcheck = Truegpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgdirgpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/headershttp_caching = allincludepkgs =keepalive = Truemdpolicy = group:primarymediaid =metadata_expire = 21600metalink =mirrorlist = https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=testing-epel6&arch=x86_64mirrorlist_expire = 86400name = Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64old_base_cache_dir =password =persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testingpkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/packagesproxy = Falseproxy_dict =proxy_password =proxy_username =repo_gpgcheck = Falseretries = 10skip_if_unavailable = Falsessl_check_cert_permissions = Truesslcacert =sslclientcert =sslclientkey =sslverify = Truethrottle = 0timeout = 30.0username =

執行 yum repolist 命令來檢查是否啟用了 “epel-testing”。它被啟用了，我可以從列表中看到它。

# yum repolistLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, securityDetermining fastest mirrorsepel/metalink                                                                                                                                                         |  18 kB     00:00epel-testing/metalink                                                                                                                                                 |  17 kB     00:00 * epel: mirror.us.leaseweb.net * epel-testing: mirror.us.leaseweb.net * ius: mirror.team-cymru.combase                                                                                                                                                                  | 3.7 kB     00:00centos-sclo-sclo                                                                                                                                                      | 2.9 kB     00:00epel                                                                                                                                                                  | 4.7 kB     00:00epel/primary_db                                                                                                                                                       | 6.0 MB     00:00epel-testing                                                                                                                                                          | 4.7 kB     00:00epel-testing/primary_db                                                                                                                                               | 368 kB     00:00extras                                                                                                                                                                | 3.4 kB     00:00ius                                                                                                                                                                   | 2.3 kB     00:00ius/primary_db                                                                                                                                                        | 216 kB     00:00updates                                                                                                                                                               | 3.4 kB     00:00updates/primary_db                                                                                                                                                    | 8.1 MB     00:00 ...repo id                                                                repo name                                                                                                       statusbase                                                                   CentOS-6 - Base                                                                                                  6,706centos-sclo-sclo                                                       CentOS-6 - SCLo sclo                                                                                               495epel                                                                   Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64                                                                  12,509epel-testing                                                           Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64                                                           809extras                                                                 CentOS-6 - Extras                                                                                                   53ius                                                                    IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64                                                             390updates                                                                CentOS-6 - Updates                                                                                               1,288repolist: 22,250

如果你想同時啟用多個倉庫，使用以下格式。這個命令將啟用 epel、epel-testing 和 ius 倉庫：

# yum-config-manager --enable epel epel-testing ius

對於 Fedora 系統，執行下面的命令來啟用倉庫：

# dnf config-manager --set-enabled epel-testing

如何在系統中禁用一個倉庫

無論何時你在預設情況下新增一個新的倉庫，它都會啟用它們的穩定倉庫，這就是為什麼我們在執行 yum repolist 命令時獲取了倉庫資訊。如果你不想使用倉庫，那麼可以通過下面的命令來禁用它。

為了驗證這點，我們將要禁用 epel-testing.repo 和 ius.repo，執行以下命令：

# yum-config-manager --disable epel-testing iusLoaded plugins: fastestmirror==================================================================================== repo: epel-testing =====================================================================================[epel-testing]bandwidth = 0base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6baseurl =cache = 0cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testingcost = 1000enabled = 0enablegroups = Trueexclude =failovermethod = priorityftp_disable_epsv = Falsegpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgcadirgpgcakey =gpgcheck = Truegpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgdirgpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/headershttp_caching = allincludepkgs =keepalive = Truemdpolicy = group:primarymediaid =metadata_expire = 21600metalink =mirrorlist = https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=testing-epel6&arch=x86_64mirrorlist_expire = 86400name = Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64old_base_cache_dir =password =persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testingpkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/packagesproxy = Falseproxy_dict =proxy_password =proxy_username =repo_gpgcheck = Falseretries = 10skip_if_unavailable = Falsessl_check_cert_permissions = Truesslcacert =sslclientcert =sslclientkey =sslverify = Truethrottle = 0timeout = 30.0username ========================================================================================== repo: ius =========================================================================================[ius]bandwidth = 0base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6baseurl =cache = 0cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/iuscost = 1000enabled = 0enablegroups = Trueexclude =failovermethod = priorityftp_disable_epsv = Falsegpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius/gpgcadirgpgcakey =gpgcheck = Truegpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius/gpgdirgpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/IUS-COMMUNITY-GPG-KEYhdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius/headershttp_caching = allincludepkgs =keepalive = Truemdpolicy = group:primarymediaid =metadata_expire = 21600metalink =mirrorlist = https://mirrors.iuscommunity.org/mirrorlist?repo=ius-centos6&arch=x86_64&protocol=httpmirrorlist_expire = 86400name = IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64old_base_cache_dir =password =persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/iuspkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius/packagesproxy = Falseproxy_dict =proxy_password =proxy_username =repo_gpgcheck = Falseretries = 10skip_if_unavailable = Falsessl_check_cert_permissions = Truesslcacert =sslclientcert =sslclientkey =sslverify = Truethrottle = 0timeout = 30.0username =

執行 yum repolist 命令檢查 “epel-testing” 和 “ius” 倉庫是否被禁用。它被禁用了，我不能看到那些倉庫，除了 “epel”。

# yum repolistLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, securityLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * epel: mirror.us.leaseweb.netrepo id                                                                     repo name                                                                                                  statusbase                                                                        CentOS-6 - Base                                                                                             6,706centos-sclo-sclo                                                            CentOS-6 - SCLo sclo                                                                                          495epel                                        Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64                                              12,505extras                                                                      CentOS-6 - Extras                                                                                              53updates                                                                     CentOS-6 - Updates                                                                                          1,288repolist: 21,051

或者，我們可以執行以下命令檢視詳細資訊：

# yum repolist all | grep "epel*\|ius*" * epel: mirror.steadfast.netepel                       Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 enabled: 12,509epel-debuginfo             Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabledepel-source                Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabledepel-testing               Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabledepel-testing-debuginfo     Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabledepel-testing-source        Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabledius                        IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-archive                IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-archive-debuginfo      IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-archive-source         IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-debuginfo              IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-dev                    IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-dev-debuginfo          IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-dev-source             IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-source                 IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-testing                IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-testing-debuginfo      IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabledius-testing-source         IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

對於 Fedora 系統，執行以下命令來啟用一個倉庫：

# dnf config-manager --set-disabled epel-testing

或者，可以通過手動編輯適當的 repo 檔案來完成。為此，開啟相應的 repo 檔案並將值從 enabled=0 改為 enabled=1（啟用倉庫）或從 enabled=1 變為 enabled=0（禁用倉庫）。

即從：

[epel]name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearchmirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearchfailovermethod=priorityenabled=0gpgcheck=1gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6

改為：

[epel]name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearchmirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearchfailovermethod=priorityenabled=1gpgcheck=1gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6