在本教學中,您將了解和學習MySQL派生表以及如何簡化複雜查詢。
派生表是從SELECT語句返回的虛擬表。派生表類似於臨時表,但是在SELECT
語句中使用派生表比臨時表簡單得多,因為它不需要建立臨時表的步驟。
術語:*派生表*和子查詢通常可互換使用。當SELECT
語句的FROM
子句中使用獨立子查詢時,我們將其稱為派生表。
以下說明了使用派生表的查詢:
請注意,獨立子查詢是一個子查詢,可獨立於包含該語句的執行語句。
與子查詢不同,派生表必須具有別名,以便稍後在查詢中參照其名稱。 如果派生表沒有別名,MySQL將發出以下錯誤:
Every derived table must have its own alias.
以下說明了使用派生表的SQL語句:
SELECT
column_list
FROM
(SELECT
column_list
FROM
table_1) derived_table_name;
WHERE derived_table_name.c1 > 0;
以下查詢從範例資料庫(yiibaidb)中的orders
表和orderdetails
表中獲得2013
年銷售收入最高的前5
名產品:
參考以下查詢語句 -
SELECT
productCode,
ROUND(SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach)) sales
FROM
orderdetails
INNER JOIN
orders USING (orderNumber)
WHERE
YEAR(shippedDate) = 2013
GROUP BY productCode
ORDER BY sales DESC
LIMIT 5;
執行上面查詢語句,得到以下結果 -
+-------------+--------+
| productCode | sales |
+-------------+--------+
| S18_3232 | 103480 |
| S10_1949 | 67985 |
| S12_1108 | 59852 |
| S12_3891 | 57403 |
| S12_1099 | 56462 |
+-------------+--------+
5 rows in set
您可以使用此查詢的結果作為派生表,並將其與products
表相關聯,products
表的結構如下所示:
mysql> desc products;
+--------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| productCode | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | | |
| productName | varchar(70) | NO | | NULL | |
| productLine | varchar(50) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| productScale | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| productVendor | varchar(50) | NO | | NULL | |
| productDescription | text | NO | | NULL | |
| quantityInStock | smallint(6) | NO | | NULL | |
| buyPrice | decimal(10,2) | NO | | NULL | |
| MSRP | decimal(10,2) | NO | | NULL | |
+--------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
9 rows in set
參考以下查詢語句 -
SELECT
productName, sales
FROM
(SELECT
productCode,
ROUND(SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach)) sales
FROM
orderdetails
INNER JOIN orders USING (orderNumber)
WHERE
YEAR(shippedDate) = 2013
GROUP BY productCode
ORDER BY sales DESC
LIMIT 5) top5products2013
INNER JOIN
products USING (productCode);
執行上面查詢語句,得到以下結果 -
+-----------------------------+--------+
| productName | sales |
+-----------------------------+--------+
| 1992 Ferrari 360 Spider red | 103480 |
| 1952 Alpine Renault 1300 | 67985 |
| 2001 Ferrari Enzo | 59852 |
| 1969 Ford Falcon | 57403 |
| 1968 Ford Mustang | 56462 |
+-----------------------------+--------+
5 rows in set
在上面這個例子中:
productCode
列上使用products
表連線top5product2013
派生表的外部查詢。假設必須將2013
年的客戶分為3
組:鉑金,白金和白銀。 此外,需要了解每個組中的客戶數量,具體情況如下:
100000
的為鉑金客戶;10000
至100000
的為黃金客戶10000
的為銀牌客戶要構建此查詢,首先,您需要使用CASE表示式和GROUP BY子句將每個客戶放入相應的分組中,如下所示:
SELECT
customerNumber,
ROUND(SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach)) sales,
(CASE
WHEN SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach) < 10000 THEN 'Silver'
WHEN SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach) BETWEEN 10000 AND 100000 THEN 'Gold'
WHEN SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach) > 100000 THEN 'Platinum'
END) customerGroup
FROM
orderdetails
INNER JOIN
orders USING (orderNumber)
WHERE
YEAR(shippedDate) = 2013
GROUP BY customerNumber
ORDER BY sales DESC;
以下是查詢的輸出:
+----------------+--------+---------------+
| customerNumber | sales | customerGroup |
+----------------+--------+---------------+
| 141 | 189840 | Platinum |
| 124 | 167783 | Platinum |
| 148 | 150123 | Platinum |
| 151 | 117635 | Platinum |
| 320 | 93565 | Gold |
| 278 | 89876 | Gold |
| 161 | 89419 | Gold |
| ************此處省略了一大波資料 *********|
| 219 | 4466 | Silver |
| 323 | 2880 | Silver |
| 381 | 2756 | Silver |
+----------------+--------+---------------+
然後,可以使用此查詢作為派生表,並按如下所示進行分組:
SELECT
customerGroup,
COUNT(cg.customerGroup) AS groupCount
FROM
(SELECT
customerNumber,
ROUND(SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach)) sales,
(CASE
WHEN SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach) < 10000 THEN 'Silver'
WHEN SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach) BETWEEN 10000 AND 100000 THEN 'Gold'
WHEN SUM(quantityOrdered * priceEach) > 100000 THEN 'Platinum'
END) customerGroup
FROM
orderdetails
INNER JOIN orders USING (orderNumber)
WHERE
YEAR(shippedDate) = 2013
GROUP BY customerNumber) cg
GROUP BY cg.customerGroup;
執行上面查詢語句,得到以下結果 -
+---------------+------------+
| customerGroup | groupCount |
+---------------+------------+
| Gold | 61 |
| Platinum | 4 |
| Silver | 8 |
+---------------+------------+
3 rows in set
在本教學中,您已經學會了如何使用FROM
子句中的子查詢作為MySQL派生表來簡化複雜查詢。