MySQL 的 EXPLAIN 是一個用於查詢優化的工具,它可以顯示 MySQL 資料庫如何執行查詢。它返回一組關於查詢執行計劃的資訊,包括用到的索引,表的連線順序以及 MySQL 使用的查詢型別。下面是 EXPLAIN 返回的列及其含義:
id:查詢中每個 SELECT 子句或者操作的唯一識別符號。如果 id 相同,那麼這些操作在同一個查詢中。
下面是一個使用 EXPLAIN 進行查詢優化的例子:
EXPLAIN SELECT *
FROM users
JOIN orders ON users.id = orders.user_id
WHERE users.age > 18
ORDER BY orders.created_at DESC
LIMIT 10;
執行上面的語句後,會返回類似如下的輸出:
sql
Copy code
+----+-------------+--------+------------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+------------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+------------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | users | NULL | range | PRIMARY,age | age | 4 | NULL | 4 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | orders | NULL | ref | user_id,created_at | user_id | 4 | test_db.users.id | 199 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+------------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+
這個查詢通過 JOIN 將使用者表和訂單表連線起來,只返回年齡大於 18 歲的使用者的前 10 個訂單,按照訂單建立時間倒序排序。通過分析輸出結果,我們可以看到 MySQL 使用了使用者表的 age 列上的索引來過濾資料,然後使用了訂單表的 user_id 列上的索引來查詢訂單,這個查詢使用了索引優化的方法,可以更高效地執行。
# 檢視是否開啟了 profiling
show variables like '%profiling%';
# 開啟 profiling
set profiling = 1;
# 執行查詢
select * from big_tables where id >= (
select id from big_tables limit 10000000, 1
) limit 0, 1;
# 檢視所有查詢的效能資料
show profiles;
# 檢視某條查詢的詳細效能資料
show profile for query 1;
# 檢視 cpu, io, memory, block io 等效能資料
show profile cpu, io, memory, block io for query 1;
# 關閉 profiling
set profiling = 0;
使用範例:
mysql> # 檢視所有查詢的效能資料
show profiles;
+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration | Query |
+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | 0.00568250 | show variables like '%profiling%' |
| 2 | 1.41488150 | select * from big_tables where id >= (
select id from big_tables limit 10000000, 1
) limit 0, 1 |
| 3 | 0.00040300 | purge profiles |
| 4 | 0.00016575 | # 清理所有profiling 資料
FLUSH STATEMENT ANALYSIS |
| 5 | 0.00014875 | FLUSH STATEMENT ANALYSIS |
| 6 | 1.41070725 | select * from big_tables where id >= (
select id from big_tables limit 10000000, 1
) limit 0, 1 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.10 sec)
mysql> # 檢視某條查詢的詳細效能資料
show profile for query 6;
+--------------------------------+----------+
| Status | Duration |
+--------------------------------+----------+
| starting | 0.000098 |
| Executing hook on transaction | 0.000034 |
| starting | 0.000030 |
| checking permissions | 0.000009 |
| checking permissions | 0.000005 |
| Opening tables | 0.000059 |
| init | 0.000027 |
| System lock | 0.000015 |
| optimizing | 0.000010 |
| statistics | 0.000024 |
| optimizing | 0.000004 |
| statistics | 0.000008 |
| preparing | 0.000016 |
| executing | 1.410089 |
| preparing | 0.000041 |
| executing | 0.000037 |
| end | 0.000006 |
| query end | 0.000042 |
| waiting for handler commit | 0.000016 |
| closing tables | 0.000014 |
| freeing items | 0.000110 |
| cleaning up | 0.000019 |
+--------------------------------+----------+
mysql> # 檢視 cpu, io, memory, block io 等效能資料
show profile cpu, block io for query 6;
+--------------------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| Status | Duration | CPU_user | CPU_system | Block_ops_in | Block_ops_out |
+--------------------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| starting | 0.000098 | 0.000072 | 0.000025 | 0 | 0 |
| Executing hook on transaction | 0.000034 | 0.000026 | 0.000009 | 0 | 0 |
| starting | 0.000030 | 0.000022 | 0.000007 | 0 | 0 |
| checking permissions | 0.000009 | 0.000006 | 0.000002 | 0 | 0 |
| checking permissions | 0.000005 | 0.000004 | 0.000002 | 0 | 0 |
| Opening tables | 0.000059 | 0.000044 | 0.000015 | 0 | 0 |
| init | 0.000027 | 0.000020 | 0.000007 | 0 | 0 |
| System lock | 0.000015 | 0.000010 | 0.000003 | 0 | 0 |
| optimizing | 0.000010 | 0.000008 | 0.000003 | 0 | 0 |
| statistics | 0.000024 | 0.000018 | 0.000006 | 0 | 0 |
| optimizing | 0.000004 | 0.000002 | 0.000001 | 0 | 0 |
| statistics | 0.000008 | 0.000006 | 0.000002 | 0 | 0 |
| preparing | 0.000016 | 0.000012 | 0.000004 | 0 | 0 |
| executing | 1.410089 | 1.412984 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
| preparing | 0.000041 | 0.000038 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
| executing | 0.000037 | 0.000037 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
| end | 0.000006 | 0.000005 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
| query end | 0.000042 | 0.000042 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
| waiting for handler commit | 0.000016 | 0.000016 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
| closing tables | 0.000014 | 0.000014 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
| freeing items | 0.000110 | 0.000109 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
| cleaning up | 0.000019 | 0.000019 | 0.000000 | 0 | 0 |
+--------------------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
22 rows in set (0.17 sec)
一般 profiling 只保留最近 15 條查詢的效能資料, 如果需要保留更多的資料, 可以修改 profiling_history_size
變數:
mysql> show variables like '%profiling%';
+------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+-------+
| have_profiling | YES |
| profiling | ON |
| profiling_history_size | 15 |
+------------------------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.10 sec)
mysql> set global profiling_history_size=20;