環境:golang 1.9,drawn
測試使用golang exec 執行命令,並設定過期時間,測試指令碼如下。
現象:執行指令碼後,到超時時間後併為超時退出,反而阻塞住了
func TestExecWithTimeout(t *testing.T) {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
defer cancel()
start := time.Now()
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "sh", "-c", "echo start && sleep 10 && echo end.")
out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
fmt.Printf("error: [%v]\n", err)
fmt.Printf("out: [%v]\n", string(out))
if ctx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded {
fmt.Printf("ctx.Err: [%v]\n", ctx.Err())
}
fmt.Printf("process end: %v", time.Since(start))
}
error: [signal: killed]
out: [start
]
ctx.Err: [context deadline exceeded]
process end: 10.010193583sPASS
在用ps檢視程序狀態,發現,超時時間到達後,sh程序就被kill了,而由ssh啟動的sleep 10
命令還在進行中,且該程序被1號
程序接管,變成了殭屍程序。當我們手動執行kill
命令後,程式退出。
~/workpro//mkskit ❯ ps -ef | grep "sleep"
501 85600 85597 0 3:34下午 ?? 0:00.00 sh -c echo start && sleep 20 && echo end.
501 85601 85600 0 3:34下午 ?? 0:00.00 sleep 20
501 85608 17687 0 3:34下午 ttys004 0:00.00 grep --color=auto --exclude-dir=.bzr --exclude-dir=CVS --exclude-dir=.git --exclude-dir=.hg --exclude-dir=.svn --exclude-dir=.idea --exclude-dir=.tox sleep
~/workpro//mkskit ❯ ps -ef | grep "sleep"
501 85601 1 0 3:34下午 ?? 0:00.00 sleep 20
501 85652 17687 0 3:35下午 ttys004 0:00.00 grep --color=auto --exclude-dir=.bzr --exclude-dir=CVS --exclude-dir=.git --exclude-dir=.hg --exclude-dir=.svn --exclude-dir=.idea --exclude-dir=.tox sleep
從現象推測,exec 建立了兩個程序,超時後 sh程序退出,但是sleep程序還在變成了殭屍程序,sleep程序還未退出,導致整改go主程序阻塞。
// CombinedOutput runs the command and returns its combined standard
// output and standard error.
func (c *Cmd) CombinedOutput() ([]byte, error) {
if c.Stdout != nil {
return nil, errors.New("exec: Stdout already set")
}
if c.Stderr != nil {
return nil, errors.New("exec: Stderr already set")
}
var b bytes.Buffer
c.Stdout = &b
c.Stderr = &b
err := c.Run()
return b.Bytes(), err
}
// 執行命令,並等待命令執行完成
func (c *Cmd) Run() error {
if err := c.Start(); err != nil {
return err
}
return c.Wait()
}
CombinedOutput 方法會初始化一個位元組緩衝區,並標準輸出和標準錯誤導向該緩衝區。然後啟動執行命令。
Run方法中呼叫Start和Wait方法:
// Wait waits for the command to exit and waits for any copying to
// stdin or copying from stdout or stderr to complete.
//
// The command must have been started by Start.
//
// The returned error is nil if the command runs, has no problems
// copying stdin, stdout, and stderr, and exits with a zero exit
// status.
//
// If the command fails to run or doesn't complete successfully, the
// error is of type *ExitError. Other error types may be
// returned for I/O problems.
//
// If any of c.Stdin, c.Stdout or c.Stderr are not an *os.File, Wait also waits
// for the respective I/O loop copying to or from the process to complete.
//
// Wait releases any resources associated with the Cmd.
func (c *Cmd) Wait() error {
if c.Process == nil {
return errors.New("exec: not started")
}
if c.ProcessState != nil {
return errors.New("exec: Wait was already called")
}
state, err := c.Process.Wait()
if err == nil && !state.Success() {
err = &ExitError{ProcessState: state}
}
c.ProcessState = state
// Wait for the pipe-copying goroutines to complete.
var copyError error
for range c.goroutine {
if err := <-c.goroutineErrs; err != nil && copyError == nil {
copyError = err
}
}
c.goroutine = nil // Allow the goroutines' closures to be GC'd.
if c.ctxErr != nil {
interruptErr := <-c.ctxErr
// If c.Process.Wait returned an error, prefer that.
// Otherwise, report any error from the interrupt goroutine.
if interruptErr != nil && err == nil {
err = interruptErr
}
}
// Report errors from the copying goroutines only if the program otherwise
// exited normally on its own. Otherwise, the copying error may be due to the
// abnormal termination.
if err == nil {
err = copyError
}
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterWait)
c.closeAfterWait = nil
return err
}
根據debug可知,阻塞發生在第34行, err := <-c.goroutineErrs;
這句,從goroutineErrs
中讀取錯誤資訊並返回第一次錯誤給呼叫者。而 <-ch
從通道中獲取資料阻塞的原因只有傳送發未準備好,那麼goroutineErr
對應的傳送方是誰呢?
// Start starts the specified command but does not wait for it to complete.
//
// If Start returns successfully, the c.Process field will be set.
//
// After a successful call to Start the Wait method must be called in
// order to release associated system resources.
func (c *Cmd) Start() error {
if c.Path == "" && c.Err == nil && c.lookPathErr == nil {
c.Err = errors.New("exec: no command")
}
if c.Err != nil || c.lookPathErr != nil {
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterStart)
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterWait)
if c.lookPathErr != nil {
return c.lookPathErr
}
return c.Err
}
if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
lp, err := lookExtensions(c.Path, c.Dir)
if err != nil {
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterStart)
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterWait)
return err
}
c.Path = lp
}
if c.Process != nil {
return errors.New("exec: already started")
}
if c.ctx != nil {
select {
case <-c.ctx.Done():
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterStart)
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterWait)
return c.ctx.Err()
default:
}
}
c.childFiles = make([]*os.File, 0, 3+len(c.ExtraFiles))
type F func(*Cmd) (*os.File, error)
for _, setupFd := range []F{(*Cmd).stdin, (*Cmd).stdout, (*Cmd).stderr} {
fd, err := setupFd(c)
if err != nil {
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterStart)
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterWait)
return err
}
c.childFiles = append(c.childFiles, fd)
}
c.childFiles = append(c.childFiles, c.ExtraFiles...)
env, err := c.environ()
if err != nil {
return err
}
c.Process, err = os.StartProcess(c.Path, c.argv(), &os.ProcAttr{
Dir: c.Dir,
Files: c.childFiles,
Env: env,
Sys: c.SysProcAttr,
})
if err != nil {
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterStart)
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterWait)
return err
}
c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterStart)
// Don't allocate the goroutineErrs channel unless there are goroutines to fire.
if len(c.goroutine) > 0 {
errc := make(chan error, len(c.goroutine))
c.goroutineErrs = errc
for _, fn := range c.goroutine {
go func(fn func() error) {
errc <- fn()
}(fn)
}
}
c.ctxErr = c.watchCtx()
return nil
}
從第74-82行可以看到,建立了一個len(c.goroutine)
的channel, 然後啟動goroutine執行c.goroutine
中的方法並將錯誤寫入errc
,由wait的現象可知,應該是這個fn()
呼叫阻塞了。
繼續追蹤,c.goroutine是在哪裡被賦值的。同樣是在Start方法中
主要看第43行,學習到了,原來函數內還能定義型別。這裡主要是呼叫了三個函數來初始化stdin, stderr, stdout.
這裡主要先看下stdout、stderr
func (c *Cmd) stdout() (f *os.File, err error) {
return c.writerDescriptor(c.Stdout)
}
func (c *Cmd) stderr() (f *os.File, err error) {
// 如果stdrr 和 stdout 是同一個輸出目標 則跳過
if c.Stderr != nil && interfaceEqual(c.Stderr, c.Stdout) {
return c.childFiles[1], nil
}
return c.writerDescriptor(c.Stderr)
}
func (c *Cmd) writerDescriptor(w io.Writer) (f *os.File, err error) {
// case1
if w == nil {
f, err = os.OpenFile(os.DevNull, os.O_WRONLY, 0)
if err != nil {
return
}
c.closeAfterStart = append(c.closeAfterStart, f)
return
}
// case2
if f, ok := w.(*os.File); ok {
return f, nil
}
// case3
pr, pw, err := os.Pipe()
if err != nil {
return
}
c.closeAfterStart = append(c.closeAfterStart, pw)
c.closeAfterWait = append(c.closeAfterWait, pr)
c.goroutine = append(c.goroutine, func() error {
_, err := io.Copy(w, pr)
pr.Close() // in case io.Copy stopped due to write error
return err
})
return pw, nil
}
兩個函數都呼叫了writerDescriptor,看程式碼主要由三個分支邏輯
/dev/null
*os.File
型別也直接返回,會把輸出寫入檔案// Implementations must not retain p.
type Writer interface {
Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}
io.Copy
方法會一直阻塞到reader被關閉才會返回,這也是為什麼會產生阻塞到原因了。在Wait方法到註釋中可以得知
// If any of c.Stdin, c.Stdout or c.Stderr are not an *os.File, Wait also waits
// for the respective I/O loop copying to or from the process to complete.
//
// Wait releases any resources associated with the Cmd.
func (c *Cmd) Wait() error {}
到這裡瞭解到了阻塞到根本原因,那超時子程序被kill是在哪裡觸發的。在看Start方法時,可以看到最後一行有一個watchCtx呼叫
// watchCtx conditionally starts a goroutine that waits until either c.ctx is
// done or c.Process.Wait has completed (called from Wait).
// If c.ctx is done first, the goroutine terminates c.Process.
//
// If a goroutine was started, watchCtx returns a channel on which its result
// must be received.
func (c *Cmd) watchCtx() <-chan error {
if c.ctx == nil {
return nil
}
errc := make(chan error)
go func() {
select {
case errc <- nil:
return
case <-c.ctx.Done():
}
var err error
if killErr := c.Process.Kill(); killErr == nil {
// We appear to have successfully delivered a kill signal, so any
// program behavior from this point may be due to ctx.
err = c.ctx.Err()
} else if !errors.Is(killErr, os.ErrProcessDone) {
err = wrappedError{
prefix: "exec: error sending signal to Cmd",
err: killErr,
}
}
errc <- err
}()
return errc
}
可以看到,啟動了一個goroutine,繫結了一個 error chan,selec監聽ctx的狀態,當ctx超時或者提前cancel了,則會出發process.kill,將子程序關閉。
正常情況下,當ctx超時,子程序會被kill,此時管道的寫入端點自然會被關閉,io.Copy則會在copy完成後正常返回,給e.errch中傳送一個nil,Wait方法則中c.errch中讀取到nil。在Wait方法中的第26、40、44行可以看到,err最終被賦值為一個state
第結構體物件。
但是在開始的demo中,除了sh這個子程序之外還啟動了一個sleep子程序,context超時後,sleep程序依舊在執行,並持有管道的寫端點,導致io.Copy
阻塞。
根據上述分析可得,進入case3且產生了子程序才會導致阻塞。那麼只要不滿足其中一個條件即可。
可避免阻塞,但存在的問題:
func TestExecUseFileOutput(t *testing.T) {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 8*time.Second)
defer cancel()
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "sh", "-c", "echo start && sleep 15 && echo end.")
combinedOutput, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "stdouterr")
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
defer func() {
_ = os.Remove(combinedOutput.Name())
}()
cmd.Stdout = combinedOutput
cmd.Stderr = combinedOutput
err = cmd.Run()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
_, err = combinedOutput.Seek(0, 0)
var b bytes.Buffer
_, err = io.Copy(&b, combinedOutput)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
fmt.Println("output:", b.String())
fmt.Printf("ctx.Err: [%v]\n", ctx.Err())
fmt.Printf("error: [%v]\n", err)
}
linux執行指令碼的5種方式
. ./sleep.sh
前三種方式都會產生bash 程序和sleep程序,後兩種則只會產生sleep程序。
因為go中沒有shell環境,如果執行復雜的命令,肯定只是用bash 或者 sh方式執行,肯定會產生一個新的程序,so這個方法無效
bash -c command / sh -c command 方式執行單條命令的時候有相關的優化,是不會產生多個程序的,因此如果將demo中的複雜命令或者指令碼拆分成多個命令執行也可以實現,但這種方式不夠優雅。
原理:
單條命令時:啟動bash程序後發現是一個簡單的命令,在不fork新程序的情況下直接呼叫exec執行命令,然後將子shell替換為sleep命令。
多條命令時:需要使用子shell 來處理 && 操作符,它需要等待第一個命令終止的SIGCHLD
,然後根據第一個命令的exit status 決定是否需要執行第二個命令,因此不能將子shell替換為sleep命令。
具體見 shell.c 第 1370 行
linux kill(2) 指定 pid 為負數時會給這個行程群組中的所有程序傳送訊號
If pid is less than -1, then sig is sent to every process in the
process group whose ID is -pid.
func TestExecuteInOnPgid(t *testing.T) {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 8*time.Second)
defer cancel()
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "sh", "-c", "echo start && sleep 15 && echo end.")
cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{Setpgid: true}
go func() {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
if err := syscall.Kill(-cmd.Process.Pid, syscall.SIGKILL); err != nil {
fmt.Println("kill failed: ", err)
}
}
}()
output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
fmt.Println("output:", string(output))
fmt.Printf("ctx.Err : [%v]\n", ctx.Err())
fmt.Printf("error : [%v]\n", err)
}
該問題其實很早就存在了,最早可以追溯到這個 2017 年的 Issue #23019,不過為了保持向後相容,在方案上一直沒有達成共識,最新提案見這個 Issue #50436,根據 #53400 中的最新訊息,該提案可能會在 Go 1.20 中實現。
大致方案為在 exec.Cmd
中新增一個 Interrupt(os.Signal)
欄位,在 context 超時後將這個訊號傳送給子程序以關閉所有子程序。
// Context is the context that controls the lifetime of the command
// (typically the one passed to CommandContext).
Context context.Context
// If Interrupt is non-nil, Context must also be non-nil and Interrupt will be
// sent to the child process when Context is done.
//
// If the command exits with a success code after the Interrupt signal has
// been sent, Wait and similar methods will return Context.Err()
// instead of nil.
//
// If the Interrupt signal is not supported on the current platform
// (for example, if it is os.Interrupt on Windows), Start may fail
// (and return a non-nil error).
Interrupt os.Signal
// If WaitDelay is non-zero, the command's I/O pipes will be closed after
// WaitDelay has elapsed after either the command's process has exited or
// (if Context is non-nil) Context is done, whichever occurs first.
// If the command's process is still running after WaitDelay has elapsed,
// it will be terminated with os.Kill before the pipes are closed.
//
// If the command exits with a success code after pipes are closed due to
// WaitDelay and no Interrupt signal has been sent, Wait and similar methods
// will return ErrWaitDelay instead of nil.
//
// If WaitDelay is zero (the default), I/O pipes will be read until EOF,
// which might not occur until orphaned subprocesses of the command have
// also closed their descriptors for the pipes.
WaitDelay time.Duration
使用 os/exec 執行 shell 指令碼並設定超時時間,然後到超時時間之後程式並未超時退出,反而一直阻塞。
os/exec 包執行命令時會建立子程序,通過管道連線子程序以收集命令執行結果,goroutine 從管道中讀取命令輸出,超時後會 kill 掉子程序,從而關閉管道,管道被關閉後 goroutine 則自動退出。
如果存在子子程序,佔有管道則會導致 kill 掉子程序後管道依舊未能釋放,讀取輸出的 goroutine 被阻塞,最終導致程式超時後也無法返回。
package ssh
import "syscall"
// 實現Cancel方法
func (e *SomeExecuteCmdForward) Cancel() {
if pgid := -e.pid; pgid < 0 {
_ = syscall.Kill(pgid, syscall.SIGKILL)
e.pid = 0
}
}
// cmd.SysProcAttr = newSysProcAttr()
func newSysProcAttr() *syscall.SysProcAttr {
return &syscall.SysProcAttr{
Setpgid: true,
}
}
kill -- -pid
為什麼在start 程序起來之後就把檔案控制程式碼close了c.closeDescriptors(c.closeAfterStart)
,管道還可以繼續讀寫?
在close之前已經將檔案控制程式碼傳遞給子程序了,相當於此時fd的參照計數為2,start呼叫的是關閉主程序參照的檔案控制程式碼,相當於參照計數-1。直到管道寫入端close管道後,管道讀取端就可以收到管道被關閉的訊號,結束讀取。
追蹤closeDescriptors
底層呼叫函數,可以看到也是進行參照計數-1,直到為0就關閉。
// Close closes the FD. The underlying file descriptor is closed by the
// destroy method when there are no remaining references.
func (fd *FD) Close() error {
if !fd.fdmu.increfAndClose() {
return errClosing(fd.isFile)
}
// Unblock any I/O. Once it all unblocks and returns,
// so that it cannot be referring to fd.sysfd anymore,
// the final decref will close fd.sysfd. This should happen
// fairly quickly, since all the I/O is non-blocking, and any
// attempts to block in the pollDesc will return errClosing(fd.isFile).
fd.pd.evict()
// 關鍵程式碼
// The call to decref will call destroy if there are no other
// references.
err := fd.decref()
// Wait until the descriptor is closed. If this was the only
// reference, it is already closed. Only wait if the file has
// not been set to blocking mode, as otherwise any current I/O
// may be blocking, and that would block the Close.
// No need for an atomic read of isBlocking, increfAndClose means
// we have exclusive access to fd.
if fd.isBlocking == 0 {
runtime_Semacquire(&fd.csema)
}
return err
}
// decref removes a reference from fd.
// It also closes fd when the state of fd is set to closed and there
// is no remaining reference.
func (fd *FD) decref() error {
if fd.fdmu.decref() {
return fd.destroy()
}
return nil
}
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70175281/what-is-the-purpose-of-closeafterstart-in-exec
func TestReadStdoutRealTime(t *testing.T) {
cmd := exec.Command("ping", "-c", "5", "192.168.0.1")
stdout, _ := cmd.StdoutPipe()
cmd.Start()
collect := func(output io.Reader) error {
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(output)
scanner.Split(bufio.SplitFunc(bufio.ScanLines))
for scanner.Scan() {
if scanner.Err() != nil {
fmt.Println(scanner.Err())
return scanner.Err()
}
line := scanner.Text()
fmt.Println(line)
}
return nil
}
if err := collect(stdout); err != nil {
fmt.Println("collect stdout failed", err)
}
if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
fmt.Println("wait exec failed", err.Error())
}
}
func collector(ctx context.Context, output io.Reader) error {
scanner := bufio.NewReader(output)
for {
// 當非同步收集紀錄檔比較慢,但命令執行很快就退出後,會將pipe關閉,導致管道無法讀取,
// 報錯 read |0: file already closed
// time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
if ctx.Err() != nil {
return ctx.Err()
}
return errors.New("process existed")
default:
readStr, readErr := scanner.ReadString('\n')
if readErr != nil {
if readErr != io.EOF {
return readErr
}
return nil
}
fmt.Println(readStr)
}
}
}
func TestReadStdoutWrongExample(t *testing.T) {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 20*time.Second)
defer cancel()
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "5", "192.168.0.1")
stdout, _ := cmd.StdoutPipe()
cmd.Start()
go func() {
err := collector(ctx, stdout)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
}()
if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
fmt.Println("wait exec failed", err)
}
}