參考:http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Master_API
http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Connection Header
ROS本質上就是一個鬆耦合的通訊框架,通訊模式包括:遠端呼叫(service-client)、訂閱釋出(topic)、持續通訊(action)和全域性引數(引數伺服器),這四種模式基本已經能夠涵蓋百分之九十的應用場景了
本次針對訂閱釋出模式,探究一下ROS通訊中的具體通訊協定,讀完本文後,你可以在不依賴ROS的情況下和ROS通訊
本次通訊採用從機訂閱主機資料,通過wireshark抓包,得到具體xmlrpc協定資料內容,根據xmlrpc協定格式,找到對應程式碼
(因為時間有限,部分協定可能有跳過的地方)
從機建立節點的第一步
這個方法用於註冊一個釋出者的caller
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>registerPublisher</methodName>
<params>
<param>
<value>/test_sub</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>/rosout</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>rosgraph_msgs/Log</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>http://192.168.1.150:40209</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<methodResponse>
<params>
<param>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<int>1</int>
</value>
<value>
<string>Registered [/test_sub] as publisher of [/rosout]</string>
</value>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<string>http://sherlock:35861/</string>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodResponse>
先說結論:
ROS有一個紀錄檔相關的topic,名稱是 /rosout,所有節點的紀錄檔資訊都會通過這個 topic 釋出出來
ROS還有一個紀錄檔相關的節點,名稱是 /rosout,負責訂閱 /rosout資料,然後使用名稱為 /rosout_agg 的topic釋出出來, /rosout_agg 的訂閱者是rqt等偵錯工具
所以,結合上面的xml內容,我們可以大致推斷,建立一個新的節點,那麼這個節點必定會發佈一個topic,就是/rosout,所以上面的XMLRPC協定內容,就是網rosmaster內註冊一個publisher,用於釋出/rosout
整體來說,就是呼叫介面
registerPublisher("/test_sub", "/rosout", "rosgraph_msgs/Log", "http://192.168.1.150:40209")
返回值是:
1
Registered [/test_sub] as publisher of [/rosout]
http://sherlock:35861/
1是固定資料
第二行是message
最後一個返回值表示訂閱者的uri列表,這裡因為只有一個訂閱者,所有隻有一個uri
再看程式碼:
函數宣告如下:
registerPublisher(caller_id, topic, topic_type, caller_api)
Register the caller as a publisher the topic.
引數
caller_id (str)
ROS caller ID
topic (str)
Fully-qualified name of topic to register.
topic_type (str)
Datatype for topic. Must be a package-resource name, i.e. the .msg name.
caller_api (str)
API URI of publisher to register.
返回值(int, str, [str])
(code, statusMessage, subscriberApis)
List of current subscribers of topic in the form of XMLRPC URIs.
找到 registerPublisher 接介面,位於ros_comm/rosmaster 包中,檔案為:master_api.py(ROS主從機制利用python實現,拿掉python則無法實現主從)
@apivalidate([], ( is_topic('topic'), valid_type_name('topic_type'), is_api('caller_api')))
def registerPublisher(self, caller_id, topic, topic_type, caller_api):
"""
Register the caller as a publisher the topic.
@param caller_id: ROS caller id
@type caller_id: str
@param topic: Fully-qualified name of topic to register.
@type topic: str
@param topic_type: Datatype for topic. Must be a
package-resource name, i.e. the .msg name.
@type topic_type: str
@param caller_api str: ROS caller XML-RPC API URI
@type caller_api: str
@return: (code, statusMessage, subscriberApis).
List of current subscribers of topic in the form of XMLRPC URIs.
@rtype: (int, str, [str])
"""
#NOTE: we need topic_type for getPublishedTopics.
try:
self.ps_lock.acquire()
self.reg_manager.register_publisher(topic, caller_id, caller_api)
# don't let '*' type squash valid typing
if topic_type != rosgraph.names.ANYTYPE or not topic in self.topics_types:
self.topics_types[topic] = topic_type
pub_uris = self.publishers.get_apis(topic)
sub_uris = self.subscribers.get_apis(topic)
self._notify_topic_subscribers(topic, pub_uris, sub_uris)
mloginfo("+PUB [%s] %s %s",topic, caller_id, caller_api)
sub_uris = self.subscribers.get_apis(topic)
finally:
self.ps_lock.release()
return 1, "Registered [%s] as publisher of [%s]"%(caller_id, topic), sub_uris
registerPublisher 介面的註釋:Register the caller as a publisher the topic,將呼叫者註冊為一個topic釋出者
可以對應xmlrpc中對應引數,加上猜測:
caller_id:呼叫者,可以認為是節點,/test_sub,從及建立的節點
topic:釋出的topic name,/rosout
topic_type:釋出的topic資料型別,rosgraph_msgs/Log
caller_api:呼叫者釋出資料的API介面,http://192.168.1.150:40209
總上,我們大概有幾點猜測:
registerPublisher 介面中有三個地方需要注意:
先看 register_publisher,程式碼在rosmaster中的registrations.py檔案中
def register_publisher(self, topic, caller_id, caller_api):
"""
Register topic publisher
@return: None
"""
self._register(self.publishers, topic, caller_id, caller_api)
_register 介面,這個節點做了三件事
def _register(self, r, key, caller_id, caller_api, service_api=None):
# update node information
node_ref, changed = self._register_node_api(caller_id, caller_api)
node_ref.add(r.type, key)
# update pub/sub/service indicies
if changed:
self.publishers.unregister_all(caller_id)
self.subscribers.unregister_all(caller_id)
self.services.unregister_all(caller_id)
self.param_subscribers.unregister_all(caller_id)
r.register(key, caller_id, caller_api, service_api)
_register_node_api 介面,我們可以看到,它主要做兩件事
def _register_node_api(self, caller_id, caller_api):
"""
@param caller_id: caller_id of provider
@type caller_id: str
@param caller_api: caller_api of provider
@type caller_api: str
@return: (registration_information, changed_registration). changed_registration is true if
caller_api is differet than the one registered with caller_id
@rtype: (NodeRef, bool)
"""
node_ref = self.nodes.get(caller_id, None)
bumped_api = None
if node_ref is not None:
if node_ref.api == caller_api:
return node_ref, False
else:
bumped_api = node_ref.api
self.thread_pool.queue_task(bumped_api, shutdown_node_task,
(bumped_api, caller_id, "new node registered with same name"))
node_ref = NodeRef(caller_id, caller_api)
self.nodes[caller_id] = node_ref
return (node_ref, bumped_api != None)
_notify_topic_subscribers 程式碼,根據註釋說明,介面的作用就是通知所有的subscriber,有新的publisher
def _notify_topic_subscribers(self, topic, pub_uris, sub_uris):
"""
Notify subscribers with new publisher list
@param topic: name of topic
@type topic: str
@param pub_uris: list of URIs of publishers.
@type pub_uris: [str]
"""
self._notify(self.subscribers, publisher_update_task, topic, pub_uris, sub_uris)
_notify 程式碼,將更新的通知任務(publisher_update_task)放進事件佇列中,等待執行:
def _notify(self, registrations, task, key, value, node_apis):
"""
Generic implementation of callback notification
@param registrations: Registrations
@type registrations: L{Registrations}
@param task: task to queue
@type task: fn
@param key: registration key
@type key: str
@param value: value to pass to task
@type value: Any
"""
# cache thread_pool for thread safety
thread_pool = self.thread_pool
if not thread_pool:
return
try:
for node_api in node_apis:
# use the api as a marker so that we limit one thread per subscriber
thread_pool.queue_task(node_api, task, (node_api, key, value))
except KeyError:
_logger.warn('subscriber data stale (key [%s], listener [%s]): node API unknown'%(key, s))
publisher_update_task 程式碼,傳入的三個引數分別是:新節點的介面、topic名稱、訂閱者的介面:
def publisher_update_task(api, topic, pub_uris):
"""
Contact api.publisherUpdate with specified parameters
@param api: XML-RPC URI of node to contact
@type api: str
@param topic: Topic name to send to node
@type topic: str
@param pub_uris: list of publisher APIs to send to node
@type pub_uris: [str]
"""
msg = "publisherUpdate[%s] -> %s %s" % (topic, api, pub_uris)
mloginfo(msg)
start_sec = time.time()
try:
#TODO: check return value for errors so we can unsubscribe if stale
ret = xmlrpcapi(api).publisherUpdate('/master', topic, pub_uris)
msg_suffix = "result=%s" % ret
except Exception as ex:
msg_suffix = "exception=%s" % ex
raise
finally:
delta_sec = time.time() - start_sec
mloginfo("%s: sec=%0.2f, %s", msg, delta_sec, msg_suffix)
publisherUpdate 介面在 rospy 模組的 masterslave.py 檔案中,猜測是使用XMLRPC協定,通知所有的訂閱者節點,釋出者更新了
@apivalidate(-1, (is_topic('topic'), is_publishers_list('publishers')))
def publisherUpdate(self, caller_id, topic, publishers):
"""
Callback from master of current publisher list for specified topic.
@param caller_id: ROS caller id
@type caller_id: str
@param topic str: topic name
@type topic: str
@param publishers: list of current publishers for topic in the form of XMLRPC URIs
@type publishers: [str]
@return: [code, status, ignore]
@rtype: [int, str, int]
"""
if self.reg_man:
for uri in publishers:
self.reg_man.publisher_update(topic, publishers)
return 1, "", 0
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<methodResponse>
<params>
<param>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<int>1</int>
</value>
<value>
<string>/use_sim_time</string>
</value>
<value>
<boolean>0</boolean>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodResponse>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>requestTopic</methodName>
<params>
<param>
<value>/rosout</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>/rosout</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>TCPROS</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
先說結論:
呼叫 hasParam 介面,檢查引數伺服器是否有引數 /test_sub/use_sim_time
返回值是 [1, /use_sim_time, 0],表示沒有
再看程式碼:
有了上面的分析經驗,我們可以很輕鬆地的出結論,這是在呼叫 hasParam 介面
我們可以很輕鬆地找到這個方法的程式碼,在rosmaster模組的master_api.py檔案中
@apivalidate(False, (non_empty_str('key'),))
def hasParam(self, caller_id, key):
"""
Check if parameter is stored on server.
@param caller_id str: ROS caller id
@type caller_id: str
@param key: parameter to check
@type key: str
@return: [code, statusMessage, hasParam]
@rtype: [int, str, bool]
"""
key = resolve_name(key, caller_id)
if self.param_server.has_param(key):
return 1, key, True
else:
return 1, key, False
根據協定
根據註釋和程式碼,我們可以確認,這個就口就是在檢查,引數伺服器是否有引數 /test_sub/use_sim_time
resolve_name 介面接收兩個引數,根據呼叫:
所以,才能確認上面的全域性引數 /test_sub/use_sim_time
hasParam 介面的返回值有三個
根據 response 報文,這裡應該返回 [1, /use_sim_time, 0],表示沒有這個引數
想要理解為什麼要呼叫這個介面,就要理解 use_sim_time 引數的作用
use_sim_time是一個重要的引數,它預設值為false,可以配合Rosbag使用,是一個很重要的離線偵錯工具
我們都知道,ROS 中的時間有兩種:
表示ROS網路中的時間,如果當時在非模擬環境裡執行,那它就是當前的時間。但是假設去回放當時的情況,那就需要把當時的時間錄下來
以控制為例,很多的資料處理需要知道當時某一個時刻發生了什麼。Wall Time可以理解為牆上時間,牆上掛著的時間沒有人改變的了,永遠在往前走;ROS Time可以被人為修改,你可以暫停它,可以加速,可以減速,但是Wall Time不可以。
在開啟一個Node之前,當把use_sim_time設定為true時,這個節點會從clock Topic獲得時間。所以操作這個clock的釋出者,可以實現一個讓Node中得到ROS Time暫停、加速、減速的效果。同時下面這些方面都是跟Node透明的,所以非常適合離線的偵錯方式。當把ROSbag記下來以後重新play出來時,加兩個橫槓,--clock,它就會發布出這個訊息
先看報文:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>registerSubscriber</methodName>
<params>
<param>
<value>/test_sub</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>/ros_message</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>my_package/MessageDefine</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>http://192.168.1.150:43597</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<methodResponse>
<params>
<param>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<int>1</int>
</value>
<value>
<string>Subscribed to [/ros_message]</string>
</value>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<string>http://sherlock:41689/</string>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodResponse>
registerSubscriber 程式碼在rosmaster包中的master_api.py檔案中,如下:
@apivalidate([], ( is_topic('topic'), valid_type_name('topic_type'), is_api('caller_api')))
def registerSubscriber(self, caller_id, topic, topic_type, caller_api):
"""
Subscribe the caller to the specified topic. In addition to receiving
a list of current publishers, the subscriber will also receive notifications
of new publishers via the publisherUpdate API.
@param caller_id: ROS caller id
@type caller_id: str
@param topic str: Fully-qualified name of topic to subscribe to.
@param topic_type: Datatype for topic. Must be a package-resource name, i.e. the .msg name.
@type topic_type: str
@param caller_api: XML-RPC URI of caller node for new publisher notifications
@type caller_api: str
@return: (code, message, publishers). Publishers is a list of XMLRPC API URIs
for nodes currently publishing the specified topic.
@rtype: (int, str, [str])
"""
#NOTE: subscribers do not get to set topic type
try:
self.ps_lock.acquire()
self.reg_manager.register_subscriber(topic, caller_id, caller_api)
# ROS 1.1: subscriber can now set type if it is not already set
# - don't let '*' type squash valid typing
if not topic in self.topics_types and topic_type != rosgraph.names.ANYTYPE:
self.topics_types[topic] = topic_type
mloginfo("+SUB [%s] %s %s",topic, caller_id, caller_api)
pub_uris = self.publishers.get_apis(topic)
finally:
self.ps_lock.release()
return 1, "Subscribed to [%s]"%topic, pub_uris
根據協定往來,我們可以看到呼叫過程
registerSubscriber("/test_sub", "/ros_message", "my_package/MessageDefine", "http://192.168.1.150:43597")
code,這裡固定是1
message,這裡是 Subscribed to [/ros_message]
publisher 的訂閱URI 列表,因為這裡只有一個publisher,所以只有一個 http://sherlock:41689/,首先,這可能是主機裡面某個幾點的uri,需要從機去訂閱
程式碼說明:
和第一條,註冊publisher相反,這裡是註冊subscriber
有幾個關鍵程式碼
register_subscriber 程式碼,位於rosmaster包中的registerations.py檔案中:
def register_subscriber(self, topic, caller_id, caller_api):
"""
Register topic subscriber
@return: None
"""
self._register(self.subscribers, topic, caller_id, caller_api)
_register 程式碼,呼叫 _register_node_api 介面更新節點資訊,如果之前有該節點的註冊資訊,則先刪除:
def _register(self, r, key, caller_id, caller_api, service_api=None):
# update node information
node_ref, changed = self._register_node_api(caller_id, caller_api)
node_ref.add(r.type, key)
# update pub/sub/service indicies
if changed:
self.publishers.unregister_all(caller_id)
self.subscribers.unregister_all(caller_id)
self.services.unregister_all(caller_id)
self.param_subscribers.unregister_all(caller_id)
r.register(key, caller_id, caller_api, service_api)
_register_node_api 程式碼:
def _register_node_api(self, caller_id, caller_api):
"""
@param caller_id: caller_id of provider
@type caller_id: str
@param caller_api: caller_api of provider
@type caller_api: str
@return: (registration_information, changed_registration). changed_registration is true if
caller_api is differet than the one registered with caller_id
@rtype: (NodeRef, bool)
"""
node_ref = self.nodes.get(caller_id, None)
bumped_api = None
if node_ref is not None:
if node_ref.api == caller_api:
return node_ref, False
else:
bumped_api = node_ref.api
self.thread_pool.queue_task(bumped_api, shutdown_node_task,
(bumped_api, caller_id, "new node registered with same name"))
node_ref = NodeRef(caller_id, caller_api)
self.nodes[caller_id] = node_ref
return (node_ref, bumped_api != None)
shutdown_node_task 程式碼,如果訂閱節點退出了,則需要通知:
def shutdown_node_task(api, caller_id, reason):
"""
Method to shutdown another ROS node. Generally invoked within a
separate thread as this is used to cleanup hung nodes.
@param api: XML-RPC API of node to shutdown
@type api: str
@param caller_id: name of node being shutdown
@type caller_id: str
@param reason: human-readable reason why node is being shutdown
@type reason: str
"""
try:
xmlrpcapi(api).shutdown('/master', "[{}] Reason: {}".format(caller_id, reason))
except:
pass #expected in many common cases
remove_server_proxy(api)
request報文body,如下,我們可以看到,xmlrpc傳送的host是sherlock:41689,是上一步驟,收到的publisher的uri,如果有多個publisher,要request多次
POST /RPC2 HTTP/1.1
Host: sherlock:41689
User-Agent: Go-http-client/1.1
Content-Length: 307
Content-Type: text/xml
Accept-Encoding: gzip
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>requestTopic</methodName>
<params>
<param>
<value>/test_sub</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>/ros_message</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>TCPROS</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
response報文
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodResponse>
<params>
<param>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<i4>1</i4>
</value>
<value></value>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>TCPROS</value>
<value>sherlock</value>
<value>
<i4>33173</i4>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodResponse>
根據協定,呼叫過程如下:
requestTopic("/test_sub", "/ros_message", ["TCPROS"])
告訴publisher,subscriber準備好了,可以發資料了
_remap_table['requestTopic'] = [0] # remap topic
@apivalidate([], (is_topic('topic'), non_empty('protocols')))
def requestTopic(self, caller_id, topic, protocols):
"""
Publisher node API method called by a subscriber node.
Request that source allocate a channel for communication. Subscriber provides
a list of desired protocols for communication. Publisher returns the
selected protocol along with any additional params required for
establishing connection. For example, for a TCP/IP-based connection,
the source node may return a port number of TCP/IP server.
@param caller_id str: ROS caller id
@type caller_id: str
@param topic: topic name
@type topic: str
@param protocols: list of desired
protocols for communication in order of preference. Each
protocol is a list of the form [ProtocolName,
ProtocolParam1, ProtocolParam2...N]
@type protocols: [[str, XmlRpcLegalValue*]]
@return: [code, msg, protocolParams]. protocolParams may be an
empty list if there are no compatible protocols.
@rtype: [int, str, [str, XmlRpcLegalValue*]]
"""
if not get_topic_manager().has_publication(topic):
return -1, "Not a publisher of [%s]"%topic, []
for protocol in protocols: #simple for now: select first implementation
protocol_id = protocol[0]
for h in self.protocol_handlers:
if h.supports(protocol_id):
_logger.debug("requestTopic[%s]: choosing protocol %s", topic, protocol_id)
return h.init_publisher(topic, protocol)
return 0, "no supported protocol implementations", []
init_publisher 程式碼
def init_publisher(self, resolved_name, protocol):
"""
Initialize this node to receive an inbound TCP connection,
i.e. startup a TCP server if one is not already running.
@param resolved_name: topic name
@type resolved__name: str
@param protocol: negotiated protocol
parameters. protocol[0] must be the string 'TCPROS'
@type protocol: [str, value*]
@return: (code, msg, [TCPROS, addr, port])
@rtype: (int, str, list)
"""
if protocol[0] != TCPROS:
return 0, "Internal error: protocol does not match TCPROS: %s"%protocol, []
start_tcpros_server()
addr, port = get_tcpros_server_address()
return 1, "ready on %s:%s"%(addr, port), [TCPROS, addr, port]
publisher 檢查,是否支援指定協定,如果不支援,則返回1,否則返回0
返回值的第二個引數有三個值,分別是協定型別、ip地址 和 埠
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>unregisterSubscriber</methodName>
<params>
<param>
<value>/test_sub</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>/ros_message</value>
</param>
<param>
<value>http://192.168.1.150:43597</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<methodResponse>
<params>
<param>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<int>1</int>
</value>
<value>
<string>Unregistered [/test_sub] as provider of [/ros_message]</string>
</value>
<value>
<int>1</int>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodResponse>
@apivalidate(0, (is_topic('topic'), is_api('caller_api')))
def unregisterSubscriber(self, caller_id, topic, caller_api):
"""
Unregister the caller as a subscriber of the topic.
@param caller_id: ROS caller id
@type caller_id: str
@param topic: Fully-qualified name of topic to unregister.
@type topic: str
@param caller_api: API URI of service to unregister. Unregistration will only occur if current
registration matches.
@type caller_api: str
@return: (code, statusMessage, numUnsubscribed).
If numUnsubscribed is zero it means that the caller was not registered as a subscriber.
The call still succeeds as the intended final state is reached.
@rtype: (int, str, int)
"""
try:
self.ps_lock.acquire()
retval = self.reg_manager.unregister_subscriber(topic, caller_id, caller_api)
mloginfo("-SUB [%s] %s %s",topic, caller_id, caller_api)
return retval
finally:
self.ps_lock.release()
取消訂閱,固定返回1
首先保證主從機的資料型別一致,包括欄位的順序,實際ROS框架內是通過md5檢測,保證資料型別一致的
資料傳輸前提:
資料傳輸模式:小端hex
資料域長度 | 資料域 |
---|---|
4 byte | n byte |
資料域長度固定4byte,長度不包括自身
資料域根據欄位型別解析,ros 通訊的內建資料型別有:
原始型別 | 位元組數 |
---|---|
bool | 1 |
int8 | 1 |
uint8 | 1 |
int16 | 2 |
uint16 | 2 |
int32 | 4 |
uint32 | 4 |
int64 | 8 |
uint64 | 8 |
float32 | 4 |
float64 | 8 |
string | n(n > 4) |
time | 8 |
duration | 8 |
陣列 | n(n > 4) |
其中,除 string、time、duration 和 陣列 型別外的其餘型別,直接根據位元組數讀取即可
字串型別,也可認為是字元陣列(則可以和陣列型別複用),因為是不定長度,所以需要知道字串的長度,ROS中使用uint32型別表示長度/陣列元素數量,即4byte
所以,如果出現字串型別,則資料域為:
字串長度 | 字元 |
---|---|
4 byte | n byte |
陣列型別,因為是不定長度,所以需要知道陣列的元素數量,和string同理,ROS 中使用uint32型別表示陣列的元素數量,再結合陣列元素的型別,即可得到總長度
所以,出現陣列型別,則資料域為:
陣列元素數量 | 陣列資料 |
---|---|
4 byte | n byte |
如果陣列型別是 int32,則陣列資料佔 4 * n byte,其餘型別以此類推
ROS 中把 time 單獨提取作為基本資料型別,對應 ROS 中的 ros::Time 類,因為我們可以認為是巢狀型別
ros::Time 有兩個欄位:
所以,time 型別在資料域佔8byte,如果出現 time 型別,則資料域為:
sec | nsec |
---|---|
4 byte | 4 byte |
duration 型別和 time 相同,在 ROS 中對應 ros::Duration 類,可以認為是巢狀型別
ros::Duration 有兩個欄位:
所以,duration 型別在資料域中佔8byte,如果出現 duration 型別,則資料域為:
sec | nsec |
---|---|
4 byte | 4 byte |
巢狀型別可以認為是資料域的組合,如果發現欄位型別不是內建資料型別,則可認為是巢狀型別,巢狀型別按照型別的欄位,遞迴處理即可
.msg 檔案為:
int8 shutdown_time
string text
主機發出資料為:
shutdown_time = 123
text = abc
從機收到資料為:
08 00 00 00 7b 03 00 00 00 61 62 63
分析如下:
包頭4 byte表示資料與長度
08 00 00 00,表示資料域長度為8,即後續資料總長度為8
欄位1為shutdown_time,型別是int8,1byte
7b轉10進位制,為123
欄位2為text,型別是字串 (4+n)byte
4byte 長度:03 00 00 00,表示字串長度為3,後面3byte 為字串內容:61 62 63,ASCII轉換為:abc)
.msg 檔案為:
Header header
int8 shutdown_time
int32 shutdown_time2
string text
float32 num
string text2
int8[] data
int16[] data2
Header的資料型別為:
uint32 seq
time stamp
string frame_id
主機發出資料為:
//header一般由ROS系統自己處理,這裡寫出來是為了方便觀察
header.seq = 29;
header.time.sec = 0;
header.time.nsec = 0;
header.frame_id = "";
shutdown_time = 123;
shutdown_time2 = 987654;
text2 = "lmn";
text = "abc";
num = 23.4;
data = [1, 2, 4, 89];
data2 = [11, 22, 908]
從機收到的資料為:
39 00 00 00 1d 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7b 06 12 0f 00 03 00 00 00 61 62 63 33 33 bb 41 03 00 00 00 6c 6d 6e 04 00 00 00 01 02 04 59 03 00 00 00 0b 00 16 00 8c 03
分析如下:
包頭4byte表示資料域長度
0x39 00 00 00,10進位制57,表明後續資料域長度57byte
欄位1,Header 型別,可以認為是巢狀型別,Header欄位如下:
欄位2,shutdown_time,int8,1byte,資料為:0x7b,十進位制123;
欄位3,shutdown_time2,int32,4byte,資料為:0x06 12 0f 00,十進位制:987654;
欄位4,text,字串:
欄位5,num,flota32,4byte,資料為:33 33 bb 41,十進位制:23.4;
欄位6:text2,字串:
欄位7,data,int8陣列:
欄位8,data2,int16陣列:
宗上,整體的從機訂閱時序圖如下: