node.js極速入門課程:進入學習
通譯自:
Node.js 14 將在 2023 年 4 月結束更新維護,Node.js 16 (LTS) 預計將在 2023 年 9 月結束更新維護。
而Node 19 在 2022-10-18 釋出。【相關教學推薦:】
我們知道 Node.js 版本分兩種:LTS 和 Current
其中,Current 版本通常每 6 個月釋出一次。
每年 4 月份釋出新的偶數版本;
每年 10 月份釋出新的奇數版本;
在剛過去的 10 月,釋出的 V19.0.1 成為最新的 「Current」 嚐鮮版,它一共帶來 6 大特性。
Node.js v19 設定 keepAlive 預設值為 true,這意味著所有出站的 HTTP(s) 連線都將使用 HTTP 1.1 keepAlive,預設時間為 5S;
程式碼測試:
const http = require('node:http');
console.log(http.globalAgent);
const https = require('node:https');
console.log(https.globalAgent);
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我們可以對比看看 v16 和 v19 的 node server Agent 設定差異:
% nvm use 16
Now using node v16.0.0 (npm v7.10.0)
% node server
Agent {
_events: [Object: null prototype] {
free: [Function (anonymous)],
newListener: [Function: maybeEnableKeylog]
},
_eventsCount: 2,
_maxListeners: undefined,
defaultPort: 80,
protocol: 'http:',
options: [Object: null prototype] { path: null },
requests: [Object: null prototype] {},
sockets: [Object: null prototype] {},
freeSockets: [Object: null prototype] {},
keepAliveMsecs: 1000,
keepAlive : false,
maxSockets: Infinity,
maxFreeSockets: 256,
scheduling: 'lifo',
maxTotalSockets: Infinity,
totalSocketCount: 0,
[Symbol(kCapture)]: false
}
Agent {
_events: [Object: null prototype] {
free: [Function (anonymous)],
newListener: [Function: maybeEnableKeylog]
},
_eventsCount: 2,
_maxListeners: undefined,
defaultPort: 443,
protocol: 'https:',
options: [Object: null prototype] { path: null },
requests: [Object: null prototype] {},
sockets: [Object: null prototype] {},
freeSockets: [Object: null prototype] {},
keepAliveMsecs: 1000,
keepAlive: false,
maxSockets: Infinity,
maxFreeSockets: 256,
scheduling: 'lifo',
maxTotalSockets: Infinity,
totalSocketCount: 0,
maxCachedSessions: 100,
_sessionCache: { map: {}, list: [] },
[Symbol(kCapture)]: false
}
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第 18、40 行,keepAlive 預設設定為 false;
% nvm use 19
Now using node v19.0.0 (npm v8.19.2)
% node server
Agent {
_events: [Object: null prototype] {
free: [Function (anonymous)],
newListener: [Function: maybeEnableKeylog]
},
_eventsCount: 2,
_maxListeners: undefined,
defaultPort: 80,
protocol: 'http:',
options: [Object: null prototype] {
keepAlive: true,
scheduling: 'lifo',
timeout: 5000,
noDelay: true,
path: null
},
requests: [Object: null prototype] {},
sockets: [Object: null prototype] {},
freeSockets: [Object: null prototype] {},
keepAliveMsecs: 1000,
keepAlive: true,
maxSockets: Infinity,
maxFreeSockets: 256,
scheduling: 'lifo',
maxTotalSockets: Infinity,
totalSocketCount: 0,
[Symbol(kCapture)]: false
}
Agent {
_events: [Object: null prototype] {
free: [Function (anonymous)],
newListener: [Function: maybeEnableKeylog]
},
_eventsCount: 2,
_maxListeners: undefined,
defaultPort: 443,
protocol: 'https:',
options: [Object: null prototype] {
keepAlive: true,
scheduling: 'lifo',
timeout: 5000,
noDelay: true,
path: null
},
requests: [Object: null prototype] {},
sockets: [Object: null prototype] {},
freeSockets: [Object: null prototype] {},
keepAliveMsecs: 1000,
keepAlive: true,
maxSockets: Infinity,
maxFreeSockets: 256,
scheduling: 'lifo',
maxTotalSockets: Infinity,
totalSocketCount: 0,
maxCachedSessions: 100,
_sessionCache: { map: {}, list: [] },
[Symbol(kCapture)]: false
}
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第 14、16、42、44 行設定 keepAlive 預設值及時間;
啟用 keepAlive 能使連線重用,提高網路的吞吐量。
另外,伺服器將在呼叫 close()
自動斷開空閒的使用者端,內部依靠 http(s).Server.close
API 實現;
這些修改,進一步優化了體驗和效能。
WebCrypto API 是一個使用密碼學構建的系統介面,在 node.js v19 趨於穩定(除 Ed25519、Ed448、X25519、X448 外)。
我們可以通過呼叫 globalThis.crypto
或 require('node:crypto').webcrypto
來存取,下面以 subtle
加密函數為例;
const { subtle } = globalThis.crypto;
(async function() {
const key = await subtle.generateKey({
name: 'HMAC',
hash: 'SHA-256',
length: 256
}, true, ['sign', 'verify']);
console.log('key =', key);
const enc = new TextEncoder();
const message = enc.encode('I love cupcakes');
console.log('message =', message);
const digest = await subtle.sign({
name: 'HMAC'
}, key, message);
console.log('digest =', digest);
})();
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首先生成 HMAC 金鑰,生成的金鑰可同時用於驗證訊息資料完整性和真實性;
然後,對字串 I love cupcakes
加密;
最後建立 訊息摘要,它是一種加密雜湊函數;
在控制檯顯示:key 、message 、digest 資訊
% node server
key = CryptoKey {
type: 'secret',
extractable: true,
algorithm: { name: 'HMAC', length: 256, hash: [Object] },
usages: [ 'sign', 'verify' ]
}
message = Uint8Array(15) [ 73, 32, 108, 111, 118, 101, 32, 99, 117, 112, 99, 97, 107, 101, 115]
digest = ArrayBuffer {
[Uint8Contents]: <30 01 7a 5c d9 e2 82 55 6b 55 90 4f 1d de 36 d7 89 dd fb fb 1a 9e a0 cc 5d d8 49 13 38 2f d1 bc>,
byteLength: 32
}
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Node.js 已經刪除 --experimental-specifier-resolution
,其功能現在可以通過自定義載入器實現。
可以在這個庫中測試:
git clone https://github.com/nodejs/loaders-test.git
% cd loaders-test/commonjs-extension-resolution-loader
% yarn install
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比如 loaders-test/commonjs-extension-resolution-loader/test/basic-fixtures/index.js
檔案:
import { version } from 'process';
import { valueInFile } from './file';
import { valueInFolderIndex } from './folder';
console.log(valueInFile);
console.log(valueInFolderIndex);
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./file
如果沒有自定義載入器,不會去查詢檔案的擴充套件名,比如 ./file.js
或 ./file.mjs
設定自定義載入器後,則可解決上述問題:
import { isBuiltin } from 'node:module';
import { dirname } from 'node:path';
import { cwd } from 'node:process';
import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
import { promisify } from 'node:util';
import resolveCallback from 'resolve/async.js';
const resolveAsync = promisify(resolveCallback);
const baseURL = pathToFileURL(cwd() + '/').href;
export async function resolve(specifier, context, next) {
const { parentURL = baseURL } = context;
if (isBuiltin(specifier)) {
return next(specifier, context);
}
// `resolveAsync` works with paths, not URLs
if (specifier.startsWith('file://')) {
specifier = fileURLToPath(specifier);
}
const parentPath = fileURLToPath(parentURL);
let url;
try {
const resolution = await resolveAsync(specifier, {
basedir: dirname(parentPath),
// For whatever reason, --experimental-specifier-resolution=node doesn't search for .mjs extensions
// but it does search for index.mjs files within directories
extensions: ['.js', '.json', '.node', '.mjs'],
});
url = pathToFileURL(resolution).href;
} catch (error) {
if (error.code === 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND') {
// Match Node's error code
error.code = 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND';
}
throw error;
}
return next(url, context);
}
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測試命令:
% node --loader=./loader.js test/basic-fixtures/index
(node:56149) ExperimentalWarning: Custom ESM Loaders is an experimental feature. This feature could change at any time
(Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created)
hello from file.js
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將不會再報錯,正常執行。
在 Node.js v19中,移除了對 DTrace/SystemTap/ETW 的支援,主要是因為資源的優先順序問題。
資料表明很少人用到 DTrace、SystemTap 或 ETW,維護它們沒有多大的意義。
如果你想恢復使用,可提 issues =>
Node.js v19 將 V8 JavaScript 引擎更新至 V8 10.7,其中包含一個新函數 Intl.NumberFormat,用於格式化敏感數位。
Intl.NumberFormat(locales, options)
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對於不同的語言,傳入不同的 locales:
const number = 123456.789;
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('de-DE', { style: 'currency', currency: 'EUR' }).format(number));
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('ja-JP', { style: 'currency', currency: 'JPY' }).format(number));
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('ar-SA', { style: 'currency', currency: 'EGP' }).format(number));
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('zh-CN', { style: 'currency', currency: 'CNY' }).format(number));
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執行時增加了 node --watch 選項。
在 "watch" 模式下執行,當匯入的檔案被改變時,會重新啟動程序。
比如:
const express = require("express");
const path = require("path");
const app = express();
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, "../build")));
app.listen(8080, () =>
console.log("Express server is running on localhost:8080")
);
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% node --watch server
(node:67643) ExperimentalWarning: Watch mode is an experimental feature. This feature could change at any time
(Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created)
Express server is running on localhost:8080
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Node.js 14 將在 2023 年 4 月結束更新維護,Node.js 16 (LTS) 預計將在 2023 年 9 月結束更新維護。
建議大家開始計劃將版本按需升級到 Node.js 16(LTS)或 Node.js 18(LTS)。
更多node相關知識,請存取:!
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