linux中gmake是什麼

#Comments are prefixed with the '#' symbol

#A variable assignment
FOO = "hello there!"

#A rule creating target "test", with "test.c" as a prerequisite
test: test.c
 # The contents of a rule is called the "recipe", and is
 # typically composed of one or more shell commands.
 # It must be indented from the target name (historically with
 # tabs, spaces are permitted)

 # Using the variable "FOO"
 echo $(FOO)

 # Calling the C compiler using a predefined variable naming
 # the default C compiler, '$(CC)'
 $(CC) test.c -o test

FOO = one
FOO += two
# FOO is now "one two"

FOO = one
FOO = $(FOO)two
# FOO is now "onetwo"

FOO = 1
BAR = $(FOO)
FOO = 2
# prints BAR=2
$(info BAR=$(BAR))

FOO = 1
BAR := $(FOO)
FOO = 2
# prints BAR=1
$(info BAR=$(BAR))

$(info YOLO variable = $(YOLO))

$ YOLO="hello there!" make
YOLO variable = hello there!
make: *** No targets.  Stop.

#預設CC為gcc
CC ? = gcc

$ CFLAGS='-Werror=conversion -Werror=double-promotion' make

# any value set elsewhere
YOLO = "not overridden"
$(info $(YOLO))

# setting "YOLO" to different values in the environment + makefile + overriding
# variable, yields the overriding value
$ YOLO="environment set" make YOLO='overridden!!'
overridden!!
make: *** No targets.  Stop.

# set the -g value to CFLAGS
# applies to the prog.o/foo.o/bar.o recipes too!
prog : CFLAGS = -g
prog : prog.o foo.o bar.o
 echo $(CFLAGS) # will print '-g'

$(CC) - the C compiler (gcc)
$(AR) - archive program (ar)
$(CFLAGS) - flags for the C compiler
Full list here:

https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Implicit-Variables.html

# $@ : the target name, here it would be "test.txt"
test.txt:
 echo HEYO > $@

# $^ : name of all the prerequisites
all.zip: foo.txt test.txt
 # run the gzip command with all the prerequisites "$^", outputting to the
 # name of the target, "$@"
 gzip -c $^ > $@
See more at: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Automatic-Variables.html

arget: prerequisite
 recipe

# make the 'test.txt' and 'all.zip' targets
make test.txt all.zip

# the 'all' rule that builds and tests. Note that it's listed first to make it
# the default rule
.PHONY: all
all: build test

# compile foo.c into a program 'foo'
foo: foo.c
 $(CC) foo.c -o foo

# compile foo-lib.c into a library 'foo.a'
foo.a: foo-lib.c
 # compile the object file
 $(CC) foo-lib.c -c foo-lib.o
 # use ar to create a static library containing our object file. using the
 # '$@' variable here to specify the rule target 'foo.a'
 $(AR) rcs $@ foo-lib.o

# a phony rule that builds our project; just contains a prerequisite of the
# library + program
.PHONY: build
build: foo foo.a

# a phony rule that runs our test harness. has the 'build' target as a
# prerequisite! Make will make sure (pardon the pun) the build rule executes
# first
.PHONY: test
test: build
 ./run-tests.sh

# this will compile 'test.c' with the default $(CC), $(CFLAGS), into the program
# 'test'. it will handle prerequisite tracking on test.c
test: test.o
Full list of implicit rules here:

https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Catalogue-of-Rules.html

# Note the use of the '$<' automatic variable, specifying the first
# prerequisite, which is the .c file
%.o: %.c
 $(CC) -c $< -o $@

OBJ_FILES = foo.o bar.o

# Use CC to link foo.o + bar.o into 'program'. Note the use of the '$^'
# automatic variable, specifying ALL the prerequisites (all the OBJ_FILES)
# should be part of the link command
program: $(OBJ_FILES)
    $(CC) -o $@ $^

foo.o: foo.c
 # use automatic variables for the input and output file names
 $(CC) $^ -c $@

# these are the compiler flags for emitting the dependency tracking file. Note
# the usage of the '$<' automatic variable
DEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP -MF $<.d

test.o: test.c
    $(CC) $(DEPFLAGS) $< -c $@

# bring in the prerequisites by including all the .d files. prefix the line with
# '-' to prevent an error if any of the files do not exist
-include $(wildcard *.d)

OUTPUT_DIR = build

# output the .o to the build directory, which we add as an order-only
# prerequisite- anything right of the | pipe is considered order-only
$(OUTPUT_DIR)/test.o: test.c | $(OUTPUT_DIR)
 $(CC) -c $^ -o $@

# rule to make the directory
$(OUTPUT_DIR):
 mkdir -p $@

foo.txt:
 # a simple recipe
 echo HEYO > $@

.PHONY: clean
clean:
 # we don't care if rm fails
 -rm -r ./build

clean:
 @# this recipe will just print 'About to clean everything!'
 @# prefixing the shell comment lines '#' here also prevents them from
 @# appearing during execution
 @echo About to clean everything!

USER = linus

print-user:
 # print out the shell variable $USER
 echo $$USER

 # print out the make variable USER
 echo $(USER)

FILES=$(wildcard *.c)

# you can combine function calls; here we strip the suffix off of $(FILES) with
# the $(basename) function, then add the .o suffix
O_FILES=$(addsuffix .o,$(basename $(FILES)))

# note that the GNU Make Manual suggests an alternate form for this particular
# operation:
O_FILES=$(FILES:.c=.o)

reverse = $(2) $(1)

foo = $(call reverse,a,b)

# recursive wildcard (use it instead of $(shell find . -name '*.c'))
# taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/18258352
rwildcard=$(foreach d,$(wildcard $1*),$(call rwildcard,$d/,$2) $(filter $(subst *,%,$2),$d))

C_FILES = $(call rwildcard,.,*.c)

FOO=yolo
ifeq ($(FOO),yolo)
$(info foo is yolo!)
else
$(info foo is not yolo :( )
endif

# testing if a variable is set; unset variables are empty
ifneq ($(FOO),)  # checking if FOO is blank
$(info FOO is unset)
endif

# "complex conditional"
ifeq ($(FOO),yolo)
$(info foo is yolo)
else ifeq ($(FOO), heyo)
$(info foo is heyo)
else
$(info foo is not yolo or heyo :( )
endif

# generate rules for xml->json in some weird world
FILES = $(wildcard inputfile/*.xml)

# create a user-defined function that generates rules
define GENERATE_RULE =
$(eval
# prereq rule for creating output directory
$(1)_OUT_DIR = $(dir $(1))/$(1)_out
$(1)_OUT_DIR:
 mkdir -p $@

# rule that calls a script on the input file and produces $@ target
$(1)_OUT_DIR/$(1).json: $(1) | $(1)_OUT_DIR
 ./convert-xml-to-json.sh $(1) $@
)

# add the target to the all rule
all: $(1)_OUT_DIR/$(1).json
endef

# produce the rules
.PHONY: all
all:

$(foreach file,$(FILES),$(call GENERATE_RULE,$(file)))

# This makefile should be invoked from the temporary build directory, eg:
# $ mkdir -p build && cd ./build && make -f ../Makefile

# Derive the directory containing this Makefile
MAKEFILE_DIR = $(shell dirname $(realpath $(firstword $(MAKEFILE_LIST))))

# now inform Make we should look for prerequisites from the root directory as
# well as the cwd
VPATH += $(MAKEFILE_DIR)

SRC_FILES = $(wildcard $(MAKEFILE_DIR)/src/*.c)

# Set the obj file paths to be relative to the cwd
OBJ_FILES = $(subst $(MAKEFILE_DIR)/,,$(SRC_FILES:.c=.o))

# now we can continue as if Make was running from the root directory, and not a
# subdirectory

# $(OBJ_FILES) will be built by the pattern rule below
foo.a: $(OBJ_FILES)
 $(AR) rcs $@ $(OBJ_FILES)

# pattern rule; since we added ROOT_DIR to VPATH, Make can find prerequisites
# like `src/test.c` when running from the build directory!
%.o: %.c
 # create the directory tree for the output file  
 echo $@
 mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 # compile
 $(CC) -c $^ -o $@

# our tools are stored in tools.tar.gz, and downloaded from a server
TOOLS_ARCHIVE = tools.tar.gz
TOOLS_URL = https://httpbin.org/get

# the rule to download the tools using wget
$(TOOLS_ARCHIVE):
 wget $(TOOLS_URL) -O $(TOOLS_ARCHIVE)

# rule to unpack them
tools-unpacked.dummy: $(TOOLS_ARCHIVE)
 # running this command results in a directory.. but how do we know it
 # completed, without a file to track?
 tar xzvf $^
 # use the touch command to record completion in a dummy file
 touch $@

ifeq ($(CC),clang)
$(error whoops, clang not supported!)
endif

# Makefile for building the 'example' binary from C sources

# Verbose flag
ifeq ($(V),1)
Q :=
else
Q := @
endif

# The build folder, for all generated output. This should normally be included
# in a .gitignore rule
BUILD_FOLDER := build

# Default all rule will build the 'example' target, which here is an executable
.PHONY:
all: $(BUILD_FOLDER)/example

# List of C source files. Putting this in a separate variable, with a file on
# each line, makes it easy to add files later (and makes it easier to see
# additions in pull requests). Larger projects might use a wildcard to locate
# source files automatically.
SRC_FILES = \
    src/example.c \
    src/main.c

# Generate a list of .o files from the .c files. Prefix them with the build
# folder to output the files there
OBJ_FILES = $(addprefix $(BUILD_FOLDER)/,$(SRC_FILES:.c=.o))

# Generate a list of depfiles, used to track includes. The file name is the same
# as the object files with the .d extension added
DEP_FILES = $(addsuffix .d,$(OBJ_FILES))

# Flags to generate the .d dependency-tracking files when we compile.  It's
# named the same as the target file with the .d extension
DEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP -MF [email protected]

# Include the dependency tracking files
-include $(DEP_FILES)

# List of include dirs. These are put into CFLAGS.
INCLUDE_DIRS = \
    src/

# Prefix the include dirs with '-I' when passing them to the compiler
CFLAGS += $(addprefix -I,$(INCLUDE_DIRS))

# Set some compiler flags we need. Note that we're appending to the CFLAGS
# variable
CFLAGS += \
    -std=c11 \
    -Wall \
    -Werror \
    -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections \
    -Og \
    -g3

# Our project requires some linker flags: garbage collect sections, output a
# .map file
LDFLAGS += \
    -Wl,--gc-sections,-Map,[email protected]

# Set LDLIBS to specify linking with libm, the math library
LDLIBS += \
    -lm

# The rule for compiling the SRC_FILES into OBJ_FILES
$(BUILD_FOLDER)/%.o: %.c
 @echo Compiling $(notdir $<)
 @# Create the folder structure for the output file
 @mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 $(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(DEPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

# The rule for building the executable "example", using OBJ_FILES as
# prerequisites. Since we're not relying on an implicit rule, we need to
# explicity list CFLAGS, LDFLAGS, LDLIBS
$(BUILD_FOLDER)/example: $(OBJ_FILES)
 @echo Linking $(notdir $@)
 $(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@

# Remove debug information for a smaller executable. An embedded project might
# instead using [arm-none-eabi-]objcopy to convert the ELF file to a raw binary
# suitable to be written to an embedded device
STRIPPED_OUTPUT = $(BUILD_FOLDER)/example-stripped

$(STRIPPED_OUTPUT): $(BUILD_FOLDER)/example
 @echo Stripping $(notdir $@)
 $(Q)objcopy --strip-debug $^ $@

# Since all our generated output is placed into the build folder, our clean rule
# is simple. Prefix the recipe line with '-' to not error if the build folder
# doesn't exist (the -f flag for rm also has this effect)
.PHONY: clean
clean:
 - rm -rf $(BUILD_FOLDER)