技術文章 » 45 個必知必會的 PHP 面試題

45 個必知必會的 PHP 面試題

2022-09-20 14:01:37
本篇文章給大家總結了45 個必知必會的 面試題 。有一定的參考價值，有需要的朋友可以參考一下，希望對大家有所幫助。

php零基礎到就業直播視訊課：進入學習
程式設計師必備介面測試偵錯工具：

Q1: == 和 === 之間有什麼區別？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐

  • 如果是兩個不同的型別，運運算元 == 則在兩個不同的型別之間進行強制轉換
  • === 操作符執行’型別安全比較‘

這意味著只有當兩個運算元具有相同的型別和相同的值時，它才會返回 TRUE。

1 === 1: true
1 == 1: true
1 === "1": false // 1 是一個整數, "1" 是一個字串
1 == "1": true // "1" 強制轉換為整數，即1
"foo" === "foo": true // 這兩個運算元都是字串，並且具有相同的值

? 源自: stackoverflow.com

Q2: 如何通過參照傳遞變數？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐

為了能夠通過參照傳遞變數，我們在其前面使用 &，如下所示：

$var1 = &$var2

? 源自: guru99.com

Q3: $GLOBAL 是什麼意思？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐

$GLOBALS 是關聯陣列，包含對指令碼全域性範圍內當前定義的所有變數的參照。

? 源自: guru99.com

Q4: ini_set () 有什麼用處？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐

PHP 允許使用者使用 ini_set () 修改 php.ini 中提到的一些設定。此函數需要兩個字串引數。第一個是要修改的設定的名稱，第二個是要分配給它的新值。

給定的程式碼行將啟用指令碼的 display_error 設定 (如果它被禁用)。

ini_set('display_errors', '1');

我們需要將上面的語句放在指令碼的頂部，以便該設定一直保持啟用狀態，直到最後。此外，通過 ini_set () 設定的值僅適用於當前指令碼。此後，PHP 將開始使用 php.ini 中的原始值。

? 源自: github.com/Bootsity

Q5: 我應該在什麼時候使用 require 和 include 呢？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

require() 函數與 include() 函數相同，只是它處理錯誤的方式不同。如果出現錯誤，include() 函數會生成警告，但指令碼會繼續執行。require() 函數會產生致命錯誤，指令碼會停止。

我的建議是 99.9% 的時間裡只使用 require_once。

使用 require 或 include 代替意味著您的程式碼在其他地方不可重用，即您引入的指令碼實際上是在執行程式碼，而不是提供類或某些類功能庫。

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q6: PHP 中的 stdClass 是什麼？

主題: PHP
難度: ⭐⭐

stdClass 只是將其他型別強制轉換為物件時使用的通用」 空’’類。stdClass 不是 PHP 中物件的基礎類別。這可以很容易地證明:

class Foo{}
$foo = new Foo();
echo ($foo instanceof stdClass)?'Y':'N'; // 輸出'N'

對於匿名物件，動態屬性等很有用。

考慮 StdClass 的一種簡單使用場景是替代關聯陣列。請參見下面的範例，該範例顯示 json_decode() 如何允許獲取 StdClass 範例或關聯陣列。
同樣但未在本範例中顯示的 SoapClient::__soapCall 返回一個 StdClass 範例。

//帶有StdClass的範例
$json = '{ "foo": "bar", "number": 42 }';
$stdInstance = json_decode($json);

echo $stdInstance - > foo.PHP_EOL; //"bar"
echo $stdInstance - > number.PHP_EOL; //42

//Example with associative array
$array = json_decode($json, true);

echo $array['foo'].PHP_EOL; //"bar"
echo $array['number'].PHP_EOL; //42

? 源自: stackoverflow.com

Q7: PHP 中的 die () 和 exit () 函數有什麼不同？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

沒有區別，它們是一樣的。 選擇 die() 而不是 exit() 的唯一好處可能是你節省了額外來鍵入一個字母的時間.

? 源自: stackoverflow.com

Q8: 它們之間的主要區別是什麼

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

const 和 define 的根本區別在於，const 在編譯時定義常數，而 define 在執行時定義常數。

const FOO = 'BAR';
define('FOO', 'BAR');

// but
if (...) {
    const FOO = 'BAR';    // 無效
}
if (...) {
    define('FOO', 'BAR'); // 有效
}

同樣在 PHP 5.3 之前，const 命令不能在全域性範圍內使用。你只能在類中使用它。當你想要設定與該類相關的某種常數選項或設定時，應使用此選項。或者你可能想要建立某種列舉。一個好的 const 用法的例子是擺脫了魔術數位。

Define 可以用於相同的目的，但只能在全域性範圍內使用。它應該僅用於影響整個應用程式的全域性設定。

除非你需要任何型別的條件或表示式定義，否則請使用 consts 而不是 define()—— 這僅僅是為了可讀性！

? 源自: stackoverflow.com

Q9: isset () 和 array_key_exists () 之間有什麼區別？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

  • array_key_exists 它會告訴你陣列中是否存在鍵，並在 $a 不存在時報錯。
  • 如果 key 或變數存在且不是 null，isset 才會返回 true。當 $a 不存在時，isset 不會報錯。

考慮:

$a = array('key1' => 'Foo Bar', 'key2' => null);

isset($a['key1']);             // true
array_key_exists('key1', $a);  // true

isset($a['key2']);             // false
array_key_exists('key2', $a);  // true

? 源自: stackoverflow.com

Q10: var_dump () 和 print_r () 有什麼不同？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

  • var_dump 函數用於顯示變數 / 表示式的結構化資訊，包括變數型別和變數值。陣列遞迴瀏覽，縮排值以顯示結構。它還顯示哪些陣列值和物件屬性是參照。

  • print_r() 函數以我們可讀的方式顯示有關變數的資訊。陣列值將以鍵和元素的格式顯示。類似的符號用於物件。

考慮:

$obj = (object) array('qualitypoint', 'technologies', 'India');

var_dump($obj) 將在螢幕的輸出下方顯示:

object(stdClass)#1 (3) {
 [0]=> string(12) "qualitypoint"
 [1]=> string(12) "technologies"
 [2]=> string(5) "India"
}
stdClass Object ( 
 [0] => qualitypoint
 [1] => technologies
 [2] => India
)

? 源自: stackoverflow.com

Q11: 解釋不同的 PHP 錯誤是什麼

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

  • notice 不是一個嚴重的錯誤，它說明執行過程中出現了一些錯誤，一些次要的錯誤，比如一個未定義的變數。
  • 當出現更嚴重的錯誤，如 include () 命令引入不存在的檔案時，會給出警告 warning。 這個錯誤和上面的錯誤發生，指令碼都將繼續。
  • fatal error 致命錯誤將終止程式碼。未能滿足 require () 將生成這種型別的錯誤。

? 源自: pangara.com

Q12: 如何在 PHP 中啟用錯誤報告？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

檢查 php.ini 中的 「display_errors」 是否等於 「on」，或者在指令碼中宣告 「ini_set('display_error',1)」。

然後，在你的程式碼中包含 「ERROR_REPORTING(E_ALL)」，以便在指令碼執行期間顯示所有型別的錯誤訊息。
? 源自: codementor.io

Q13: 使用預設引數宣告某些函數

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

思考:

function showMessage($hello = false){
  echo ($hello) ? 'hello' : 'bye';
}

? 源自: codementor.io

Q14: PHP 是否支援多重繼承？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

PHP 只支援單一繼承；這意味著使用關鍵字’extended’只能從一個類擴充套件一個類。

? 源自: guru99.com

Q15: 在 PHP 中，物件是按值傳遞還是按參照傳遞？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

在 PHP 中，通過值傳遞的物件。

? 源自: guru99.com

Q16:$a != $b 和 $a !== $b ，之間有什麼區別？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

!= 表示 不等於 (如果 $a 不等於 $b，則為 True)， !== 表示 不全等 (如果 $a 與 $b 不相同，則為 True).

? 源自: guru99.com

Q17: 在 PHP 中，什麼是 PDO？

話題: PHP
困難: ⭐⭐

PDO 代表 PHP 資料物件。

它是一組 PHP 擴充套件，提供核心 PDO 類和資料庫、特定驅動程式。它提供了供應商中立、輕量級的資料存取抽象層。因此，無論我們使用哪種資料庫，發出查詢和獲取資料的功能都是相同的。它側重於資料存取抽象，而不是資料庫抽象。

? 源自: github.com/Bootsity

Q18: 說明我們如何在 PHP 中處理異常？

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐

當程式執行出現異常報錯時，後面的程式碼將不會再執行，這時 PHP 將會嘗試匹配第一個 catch 塊進行異常的處理，如果沒有捕捉到異常程式將會報致命錯誤並顯示」Uncaught Exception」。
可以在 PHP 中丟擲和捕獲異常。

為了處理異常，程式碼可以被包圍在」try」 塊中.
每個 try 必須至少有一個對應的 catch 塊 。多個不同的 catch 塊可用於捕獲不同類的異常。
在 catch 塊中也可以丟擲異常（或重新丟擲之前的異常）。

思考:

try {
    print "this is our try block n";
    throw new Exception();
} catch (Exception $e) {
    print "something went wrong, caught yah! n";
} finally {
    print "this part is always executed n";
}

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q19: 區分 echo 和 print ()

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐

echo 和 print 基本上是一樣的。他們都是用來列印輸出資料的。

區別在於:

  • echo 沒有返回值，而 print 的返回值為 1，因此 print 可以在表示式中使用。
  • echo 可以接受多個引數一起輸出 (但是這種多個的輸出方式很少見)，而 print 一次只可以輸出一個引數。
  • echo 的輸出比 print 效率要高一些 .

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q20: require_once 和 require 在什麼場景下使用？

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

require_once() 作用與 require() 的作用是一樣的，都是參照或包含外部的一個 php 檔案，require_once() 引入檔案時會檢查檔案是否已包含，如果已包含，不再包含 (require) 它。

我建議在 99.9% 的時候要使用 require_once

使用 require 或 include 意味著您的程式碼不可在其他地方重用，即您要拉入的指令碼實際上是在執行程式碼，而不是提供類或某些函數庫。

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q21: 判斷 PHP 陣列是否是關聯陣列

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

思考:

function has_string_keys(array $array) {
  return count(array_filter(array_keys($array), 'is_string')) > 0;
}

如果 $array 至少有一個字串型別的 key ，它將被視為關聯陣列。

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q22: 如何將變數和資料從 PHP 傳至 Javascript

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

這裡有幾種實現方法：

  • 使用 Ajax 從伺服器端獲取你需要的資料。

思考 get-data.php:

echo json_encode(42);

思考 index.html:

<script>
    function reqListener () {
      console.log(this.responseText);
    }

    var oReq = new XMLHttpRequest(); // new 一個請求物件
    oReq.onload = function() {
        // 在這裡你可以操作響應資料
        // 真實的資料來自 this.responseText
        alert(this.responseText); // 將提示: 42
    };
    oReq.open("get", "get-data.php", true);
    //                               ^ 不要阻塞的其餘部分執行。
    //                                 不要等到請求結束再繼續。
    oReq.send();
</script>
  • 可以在網頁任何地方輸出資料，然後使用 JavaScript 從 DOM 中獲取資訊.
<div id="dom-target" style="display: none;">
    <?php
        $output = "42"; // 此外, 做一些操作，獲得 output.
        echo htmlspecialchars($output); /* 你必須避免特殊字元，不然結果將是無效HTML。 */
    ?>
</div>
<script>
    var div = document.getElementById("dom-target");
    var myData = div.textContent;
</script>
  • 直接在 JavaScript 程式碼中 echo 資料。
<script>
    var data = <?php echo json_encode("42", JSON_HEX_TAG); ?>; // Don't forget the extra semicolon!
</script>

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q23: 有一個方法可以複製一個 PHP 陣列至另一個陣列嗎？

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

PHP 陣列通過複製進行賦值，而物件通過參照進行賦值。所有預設情況下，PHP 將複製這個陣列。這裡有一個 PHP 參考，一目瞭然：

$a = array(1,2);
$b = $a; // $b 是一個不同的陣列
$c = &$a; // $c 是 $a 的參照

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q24: What will be returned by this code?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

Consider the code:

$a = new stdClass();
$a->foo = "bar";
$b = clone $a;
var_dump($a === $b);

What will be echoed to the console?

Two instances of the same class with equivalent members do NOT match the === operator. So the answer is:

bool(false)

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q25: What will be returned by this code? Explain the result.

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

Consider the code. What will be returned as a result?

$something = 0;
echo ('password123' == $something) ? 'true' : 'false';

The answer is true. You should never use == for string comparison. Even if you are comparing strings to strings, PHP will implicitly cast them to floats and do a numerical comparison if they appear numerical. === is OK.

For example

'1e3' == '1000' // true

also returns true.

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q26: What exactly is the the difference between array_map, array_walk and array_filter?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

  • array_walk takes an array and a function F and modifies it by replacing every element x with F(x).
  • array_map does the exact same thing except that instead of modifying in-place it will return a new array with the transformed elements.
  • array_filter with function F, instead of transforming the elements, will remove any elements for which F(x) is not true

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q27: Explain the difference between exec() vs system() vs passthru()?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

  • exec() is for calling a system command, and perhaps dealing with the output yourself.
  • system() is for executing a system command and immediately displaying the output - presumably text.
  • passthru() is for executing a system command which you wish the raw return from - presumably something binary.

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q28: How would you create a Singleton class using PHP?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

/**
 * Singleton class
 *
 */
final class UserFactory {
    /**
     * Call this method to get singleton
     *
     * @return UserFactory
     */
    public static
    function Instance() {
        static $inst = null;
        if ($inst === null) {
            $inst = new UserFactory();
        }
        return $inst;
    }

    /**
     * Private ctor so nobody else can instantiate it
     *
     */
    private
    function __construct() {

    }
}

To use:

$fact = UserFactory::Instance();
$fact2 = UserFactory::Instance();

But:

$fact = new UserFactory()

Throws an error.

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q29: What is the difference between PDO’s query() vs execute()?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

  • query runs a standard SQL statement and requires you to properly escape all data to avoid SQL Injections and other issues.
  • execute runs a prepared statement which allows you to bind parameters to avoid the need to escape or quote the parameters. execute will also perform better if you are repeating a query multiple times.

Best practice is to stick with prepared statements and execute for increased security. Aside from the escaping on the client-side that it provides, a prepared statement is compiled on the server-side once, and then can be passed different parameters at each execution.

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q30: What is use of Null Coalesce Operator?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

Null coalescing operator returns its first operand if it exists and is not NULL. Otherwise it returns its second operand.

Example:

$name = $firstName ?? $username ?? $placeholder ?? "Guest";

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q31: Differentiate between exception and error

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

  • Recovering from Error is not possible. The only solution to errors is to terminate the execution. Where as you can recover from Exception by using either try-catch blocks or throwing exception back to caller.
  • You will not be able to handle the Errors using try-catch blocks. Even if you handle them using try-catch blocks, your application will not recover if they happen. On the other hand, Exceptions can be handled using try-catch blocks and can make program flow normal if they happen.
  • Exceptions are related to application where as Errors are related to environment in which application is running.

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q32: What are the exception class functions?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

There are following functions which can be used from Exception class.

  • getMessage() − message of exception
  • getCode() − code of exception
  • getFile() − source filename
  • getLine() − source line
  • getTrace() − n array of the backtrace()
  • getTraceAsString() − formated string of trace
  • Exception::__toString gives the string representation of the exception.

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q33: Differentiate between parameterised and non parameterised functions

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

  • Non parameterised functions don’t take any parameter at the time of calling.
  • Parameterised functions take one or more arguments while calling. These are used at run time of the program when output depends on dynamic values given at run time There are two ways to access the parameterised function:

    • call by value: (here we pass the value directly )

    • call by reference: (here we pass the address location where the value is stored)

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q34: Explain function call by reference

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

In case of call by reference, actual value is modified if it is modified inside the function. In such case, we need to use & symbol with formal arguments. The & represents reference of the variable.

Example:

function adder(&$str2) {  
    $str2 .= 'Call By Reference';  
}
$str = 'This is ';  
adder($str);  
echo $str;

Output:

This is Call By Reference

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q35: Why do we use extract()?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐

The extract() function imports variables into the local symbol table from an array.
This function uses array keys as variable names and values as variable values. For each element it will create a variable in the current symbol table.
This function returns the number of variables extracted on success.

Example:

$a = "Original";
$my_array = array("a" => "Cat","b" => "Dog", "c" => "Horse");
extract($my_array);
echo "\$a = $a; \$b = $b; \$c = $c";

Output:

$a = Cat; $b = Dog; $c = Horse

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q36: explain what is a closure in PHP and why does it use the 「use」 identifier?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Consider this code:

public function getTotal($tax)
{
    $total = 0.00;

    $callback =
        function ($quantity, $product) use ($tax, &$total)
        {
            $pricePerItem = constant(__CLASS__ . "::PRICE_" .
                strtoupper($product));
            $total += ($pricePerItem * $quantity) * ($tax + 1.0);
        };

    array_walk($this->products, $callback);
    return round($total, 2);
}

Could you explain why use it?

This is how PHP expresses a closure. Basically what this means is that you are allowing the anonymous function to 「capture」 local variables (in this case, $tax and a reference to $total) outside of it scope and preserve their values (or in the case of $total the reference to $total itself) as state within the anonymous function itself.

A closure is a separate namespace, normally, you can not access variables defined outside of this namespace.

  • use allows you to access (use) the succeeding variables inside the closure.
  • use is early binding. That means the variable values are COPIED upon DEFINING the closure. So modifying $tax inside the closure has no external effect, unless it is a pointer, like an object is.
  • You can pass in variables as pointers like in case of &$total. This way, modifying the value of $total DOES HAVE an external effect, the original variable’s value changes.

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q37: What exactly are late static bindings in PHP?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Basically, it boils down to the fact that the self keyword does not follow the same rules of inheritance. self always resolves to the class in which it is used. This means that if you make a method in a parent class and call it from a child class, self will not reference the child as you might expect.

Late static binding introduces a new use for the static keyword, which addresses this particular shortcoming. When you use static, it represents the class where you first use it, ie. it ‘binds’ to the runtime class.

Consider:

class Car {
    public static
    function run() {
        return static::getName();
    }

    private static
    function getName() {
        return 'Car';
    }
}

class Toyota extends Car {
    public static
    function getName() {
        return 'Toyota';
    }
}

echo Car::run(); // Output: Car
echo Toyota::run(); // Output: Toyota

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q38: How to measure execution times of PHP scripts?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

I want to know how many milliseconds a PHP while-loop takes to execute. Could you help me?

You can use the microtime function for this.

Consider:

$start = microtime(true);
while (...) {

}
$time_elapsed_secs = microtime(true) - $start;

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q39: What is the best method to merge two PHP objects?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

//We have this:
$objectA->a;
$objectA->b;
$objectB->c;
$objectB->d;

//We want the easiest way to get:
$objectC->a;
$objectC->b;
$objectC->c;
$objectC->d;

This works:

$obj_merged = (object) array_merge((array) $obj1, (array) $obj2);

You may also use array_merge_recursive to have a deep copy behavior.

One more way to do that is:

foreach($objectA as $k => $v) $objectB->$k = $v;

This is faster than the first answer in PHP versions < 7 (estimated 50% faster). But in PHP >= 7 the first answer is something like 400% faster.

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q40: Compare mysqli or PDO - what are the pros and cons?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Let’s name some:

  • PDO is the standard, it’s what most developers will expect to use.

  • Moving an application from one database to another isn’t very common, but sooner or later you may find yourself working on another project using a different RDBMS. If you’re at home with PDO then there will at least be one thing less to learn at that point.

  • A really nice thing with PDO is you can fetch the data, injecting it automatically in an object.

  • PDO has some features that help agains SQL injection

  • In sense of speed of execution MySQLi wins, but unless you have a good wrapper using MySQLi, its functions dealing with prepared statements are awful. inserts - almost equal, selects - mysqli is2.5% faster for non-prepared statements/6.7% faster for prepared statements.

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q41: What is use of Spaceship Operator?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

This <=> operator will offer combined comparison in that it will:

  • Return 0 if values on either side are equal
  • Return 1 if value on the left is greater
  • Return -1 if the value on the right is greater

Consider:

//Comparing Integers
echo 1 <= > 1; //outputs 0
echo 3 <= > 4; //outputs -1
echo 4 <= > 3; //outputs 1

//String Comparison

echo "x" <= > "x"; // 0
echo "x" <= > "y"; //-1
echo "y" <= > "x"; //1

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q42: Does PHP have threading?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Standard php does not provide any multithreading but there is an (experimental) extension that actually does - pthreads. The next best thing would be to simply have one script execute another via CLI, but that’s a bit rudimentary. Depending on what you are trying to do and how complex it is, this may or may not be an option.

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q43: Is PHP single or multi threaded?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

PHP is not single threaded by nature. It is, however, the case that the most common installation of PHP on unix systems is a single threaded setup, as is the most common Apache installation, and nginx doesn’t have a thread based architecture whatever. In the most common Windows setup and some more advanced unix setups, PHP can and does operate multiple interpreter threads in one process.

PHP as an interpreter had support for multi-threading since the year 2000.

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

Q44: Provide some ways to mimic multiple constructors in PHP

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

It’s known you can’t put two __construct functions with unique argument signatures in a PHP class but I’d like to do something like this:

class Student 
{
   protected $id;
   protected $name;
   // etc.

   public function __construct($id){
       $this->id = $id;
      // other members are still uninitialised
   }

   public function __construct($row_from_database){
       $this->id = $row_from_database->id;
       $this->name = $row_from_database->name;
       // etc.
   }
}

What is the best way to achieve this in PHP?

I’d probably do something like this:

class Student
{
    public function __construct() {
        // allocate your stuff
    }

    public static function withID( $id ) {
        $instance = new self();
        $instance->loadByID( $id );
        return $instance;
    }

    public static function withRow( array $row ) {
        $instance = new self();
        $instance->fill( $row );
        return $instance;
    }

    protected function loadByID( $id ) {
        // do query
        $row = my_awesome_db_access_stuff( $id );
        $this->fill( $row );
    }

    protected function fill( array $row ) {
        // fill all properties from array
    }
}

Then if i want a Student where i know the ID:

$student = Student::withID( $id );

Technically you’re not building multiple constructors, just static helper methods, but you get to avoid a lot of spaghetti code in the constructor this way.

Another way is to use the mix of factory and fluent style:

class Student
{
    protected $firstName;
    protected $lastName;
    // etc.

    /**
     * Constructor
     */
    public function __construct() {
        // allocate your stuff
    }

    /**
     * Static constructor / factory
     */
    public static function create() {
        $instance = new self();
        return $instance;
    }

    /**
     * FirstName setter - fluent style
     */
    public function setFirstName( $firstName) {
        $this->firstName = $firstName;
        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * LastName setter - fluent style
     */
    public function setLastName( $lastName) {
        $this->lastName = $lastName;
        return $this;
    }
}

// create instance
$student= Student::create()->setFirstName("John")->setLastName("Doe");

? Source: stackoverflow.com

Q45: How could we implement method overloading in PHP?

Topic: PHP
Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

You cannot overload PHP functions. Function signatures are based only on their names and do not include argument lists, so you cannot have two functions with the same name.

You can, however, declare a variadic function that takes in a variable number of arguments. You would use func_num_args() and func_get_arg() to get the arguments passed, and use them normally.

Consider:

function myFunc() {
    for ($i = 0; $i < func_num_args(); $i++) {
        printf("Argument %d: %s\n", $i, func_get_arg($i));
    }
}

/*
Argument 0: a
Argument 1: 2
Argument 2: 3.5
*/
myFunc('a', 2, 3.5);

? Source: github.com/Bootsity

為了處理異常，程式碼可能被包圍在一個 try 塊中。

每個 try 必須至少有一個提示。

原文地址：https://dev.to/fullstackcafe/45-important-php-interview-questions-that-may-land-you-a-job-1794

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